Spectral quantization for ancient asymptotically cylindrical flows
A mean curvature flow \(\mathcal{M}=\{M_{t}\}_{t\in \lbrack 0,T]}\subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) is a family of embedded hypersurfaces evolving according to \[(\partial _{t}x)^{\perp}=\mathbf{H}, x\in M_{t},\] where \(\mathbf{H}\) is the mean curvature vector. An \(n\)-dimensional ancient integral Brakke flow is a family of Radon measures \(\mathcal{M}=\{\mu _{t}\}_{t\in (-\infty,T_{\mathrm{ext}}]}\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) that is integer \(n\)-rectifiable for almost all \(t\leq T_{\mathrm{ext}}\leq \infty \), that is, there is some \(\mathbb{Z}\)-valued multiplicity function \(\Theta \) and an \(n\)-dimensional rectifiable set \(M_{t} \) such that \(\mu _{t}=\Theta \mathcal{H}^{n}\llcorner M_{t}\), and \N\[\N\frac{d}{dt}\int \Psi d\mu _{t}\leq \int (-\Psi \left\vert \mathbf{H} \right\vert ^{2}+\nabla \Psi \cdot \mathbf{H})d\mu _{t}\N\] \Nfor all \(\Psi \in C_{c}^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{n+1},\mathbb{R}_{+})\). \N\NThe authors define an ancient asymptotically cylindrical flow as an ancient integral Brakke flow \(\mathcal{ M}=\{\mu _{t}\}_{t\in (-\infty,T_{\mathrm{ext}}]}\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) such that some of its tangent flow at \(-\infty \) along some sequence of positive numbers \(\lambda _{j}\rightarrow 0\) (under suitable coordinates) is a shrinking cylindrical flow \N\[\N\mathcal{M}^{\infty}=\lim_{j\rightarrow \infty} \mathcal{D}_{\lambda_{j}}(\mathcal{M})=\{\mathbb{R}^{k}\times \mathbb{S} ^{n-k}(\sqrt{2(n-k)\left\vert t\right\vert})\}\N\] \Nfor some \(1\leq k\leq n-1\) . \N\NThe first main result of the paper proves that for any ancient asymptotically cylindrical flow \(\mathcal{M}=\{M_{t}\}\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) whose tangent flow at \(-\infty \) is given by the cylindrical flow on \(\mathbb{R} ^{k}\times \mathbb{S}^{n-k}(\sqrt{2(n-k)\left\vert t\right\vert})\) for some \(1\leq k\leq n-1\), the cylindrical profile function \(u\) satisfies the sharp asymptotics \N\[\N\lim_{\tau \rightarrow -\infty}\left\Vert \left\vert \tau \right\vert u(y,\omega,\tau )-y^{\intercal}Qy+2 \mathrm{tr} (Q)\right\Vert _{C^{p}(B_{R})}=0\N\] \Nfor all \(R<\infty \) and all integers \(p\), where \(Q\) is a constant symmetric \(k\times k\)-matrix whose eigenvalues are either \(0\) or \(-\frac{\sqrt{2(n-k)}}{4}\). \N\NThe key tool of the proof is the introduction of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck-type operator \N\[ \N\mathcal{L}=\Delta _{\mathbb{R}^{k}}+\frac{1}{2(n-k)}\Delta _{\mathbb{S} ^{n-k}}-\frac{1}{2}y\cdot \nabla _{\mathbb{R}^{k+1}},\N\] \Nwhich governs the evolution of the cylindrical profile function \(u(\cdot,\tau )\) over the cylinder \(\Gamma =\mathbb{R}^{k}\times \mathbb{S}^{n-k}(\sqrt{2(n-k)})\). \N\NThe authors recall properties of the unstable eigenfunctions \( 1,y_{1},y_{2},\dots,y_{n+1}\), and neutral eigenfunctions \( y_{1}^{2}-2,\dots,y_{k-2}^{2},2y_{1}y_{2},2y_{1}y_{3},\dots,2y_{k-1}y_{k} \), and \(y_{1}y_{k+1},y_{2}y_{k+1},\dots,y_{k}y_{n+1}\), of this operator, where \(y_{1},\dots,y_{n+1}\) are the restrictions of the Euclidean coordinate functions to the cylinder \(\Gamma \). All the other eigenfunctions are stable. \N\NThese eigenfunctions form an orthonormal basis of the Hilbert space \(\mathcal{H}\) of Gaussian \(L^{2}\) functions on the cylinder \(\Gamma \) and the authors introduce the orthogonal projections \(P_{+}\), \(P_{0}\), and \( P_{-}\) on the subspaces \(\mathcal{H}_{+}\), \(\mathcal{H}_{0}\), and \(\mathcal{H}_{-}\), according to the sign of the corresponding modes. They improve the Merle-Zaag alternative estimates on the \(\mathcal{H}\)-norms of the projections, from which they deduce improved error estimates of the evolution equation of the profile function \(u\). They introduce the truncated cylindrical function \N\[\N\widehat{u}(y,\omega,\tau )=u(y,\omega,\tau )\chi \left( \frac{\left\vert y\right\vert}{\rho (\tau )}\right),\N\] \Nwhere \(\chi \) is a suitable cutoff function.\ They present the equation satisfied by \(\widehat{u}\) which involves the operator \(\mathcal{L}\) and they introduce an expansion \N\[ \N\widehat{u}=\sum_{m=1}^{k}\alpha _{mm}(y_{m}^{2}-2)+\sum_{1\leq i<j\leq k}2\alpha _{ij}y_{i}y_{j}+\widehat{w},\N\] \Nwhere the remainder term \(\widehat{w} \) is controllable, and they build the ordinary differential equation satisfied by the eigenvalues of the matrix \(A(\tau )\) associated with the coefficients \(\alpha _{ij}\). \N\NThe end of the proof is obtained solving this finite-dimensional ordinary differential equation. \(\mathcal{M}=\{M_{t}\}\) being a mean curvature flow, a spacetime point \((\overline{x},\overline{t})\in \mathcal{M}\) is \(\varepsilon \)-close to a cylinder \(\mathbb{R}^{k}\times \mathbb{S}^{n-k}\) (or lies on a \( \varepsilon \)-cylinder \(\mathbb{R}^{k}\times \mathbb{S}^{n-k}\)) if the normalized parabolic neighborhood \(\widehat{\mathcal{P}}(\overline{x}, \overline{t},100n^{5/2},100^{2}n^{2})\) is \(\varepsilon \)-close (in \(C^{10}\) norm) to a family of shrinking cylinders \(\mathbb{R}^{k}\times \mathbb{S} ^{n-k}\) after rescaling by the mean curvature \(H(\overline{x},\overline{t})\). The authors also define a \((\varepsilon,n-k)\)-symmetric spacetime point \( (\overline{x},\overline{t})\in \mathcal{M}\) for some \(1\leq k\leq n-1\). \N\NThe second main result gives conditions for a spacetime point \((\overline{x}, \overline{t})\in \mathcal{M}\) to be \((\varepsilon /2,n-k)\)-symmetric. This improves previous results. The proof is obtained estimating the Fourier modes of the linearized parabolic Jacobi equation for \((\overline{K},\nu )\) on any cylinder \(\mathbb{R}^{k}\times \mathbb{S}^{n-k}\) (\(1\leq k\leq n-1\)), where \(\overline{K}\) is chosen from some normalized set of rotation vector fields \N\[\N\overline{\mathcal{K}}=\left\{\overline{K}_{\alpha}:1\leq \alpha \leq \frac{(n-k-1)(n-k)}{2}\right\},\N\] \Nand \(\nu \) is the normal vector field along the flow. \N\NFor the third result, the authors define a \(k\)-oval in \(\mathbb{R} ^{n+1}\) as an ancient noncollapsed flow whose tangent flow at \(-\infty \) is \( \mathbb{R}^{k}\times \mathbb{S}^{n-k}(\sqrt{2(n-k)\left\vert t\right\vert})\) for some \(1\leq k\leq n-1\) and whose cylindrical matrix \(Q\) satisfies the full rank condition \N\[\N\mathrm{rk}(Q)=k\N\] \Nin the first main result. The third main result proves that every \(k\)-oval in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) is compact and \( \mathrm{O}(n-k+1)\) symmetric and has the same sharp asymptotics as the unique \( \mathrm{O}(k)\times \mathrm{O}(n-k+1)\) symmetric oval proved in previous papers, up to time shift and parabolic rescaling, that can be made more precise. The authors also give details in the fully-degenerate case (\(rk(Q)=0\)). They here use the first main result to analyze the parabolic region sharp asymptotics, and a barrier argument to analyze the intermediate region sharp asymptotics.
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