Stability analysis of Kolmogorov flow by an eigenvalue excluding method
This paper gives fully rigorous spectral numerical computer-assisted verification of nonlinear stability for solution (the nontrivial Kolmogorov flow) of two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on the torus. Notably, in a model originating in [\textit{L. D. Meshalkin} and \textit{Y. G. Sinai}, J. Appl. Math. Mech. 25, 1700--1705 (1962; Zbl 0108.39501)] -- where Kolmogorov flow was introduced as a canonical example of periodic viscous flows in the stability theory of stationary Navier-Stokes solutions -- with periodic forcing $f=(\sin y,0)$ and viscosity $\nu>0$, the base (laminar) Kolmogorov flow $\mathbf{U}_0$ (the classical stationary solution) for the system:\N\[\N\partial_t \mathbf{u} + (\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{u} = -\nabla p + \nu \Delta \mathbf{u} + f, ~~~ \nabla\cdot\mathbf{u}=0; ~\quad \mathbf{U}_0=(\sin y,0)\N\]\Nis well-defined such that, with perturbation $\mathbf{v}$ and growth rate $\lambda$, the linearization\N\[\N\lambda \mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{U}_0\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{v} + (\mathbf{v}\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{U}_0 = -\nabla q + \nu \Delta \mathbf{v}, \qquad \nabla\cdot\mathbf{v}=0\N\]\Nequivalently, the linearized operator\N\[\NL\mathbf{v} := -(\mathbf{U}_0\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{v} - (\mathbf{v}\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{U}_0 + \nu \Delta \mathbf{v}\N\]\Ndetermines stability in spectrum, analyzed by expanding perturbations in Fourier modes in the streamwise direction\N\[\N\mathbf{v}(x,y,t) = (\hat u(y),\hat v(y)) e^{ikx+\lambda t}, \qquad k\in\mathbb{Z}\N\]\Nreducing the problem to a coupled eigenvalue system in $y$. In vorticity form this yields a fourth-order ordinary differential equation with periodic boundary conditions and a discrete spectrum $\lambda=\lambda_{k,m}(\nu)$, defining a critical Reynolds number $\mathrm{Re}_c$ (after nondimensionalization), where instability occurs when\N\[\N\mathrm{Re}(\lambda_{k,m})=0\N\]\Nbased on: first instability and bifurcation structure established in [\textit{V. I. Iudovich}, J. Appl. Math. Mech. 29, 527--544 (1965; Zbl 0148.22307)], with mathematical and structural analysis in [\textit{H. Okamoto} and \textit{M. Shōji}, Jpn. J. Ind. Appl. Math. 10, 191--218 (1993; Zbl 0783.76040)]; and, aspects of physical and analytical inferences in [\textit{A. M. Obukhov}, Russ. Math. Surv. 38, No. 4, 113--126 (1983; \url{doi:10.1070/RM1983v038n04ABEH004207})]; such that near threshold, the bifurcating (secondary) steady branch amplitude $A$ satisfies the classical supercritical scaling law\N\[\NA \sim \sqrt{\mathrm{Re}-\mathrm{Re}_c}, \qquad \mathrm{Re}>\mathrm{Re}_c\N\]\Nwith the principle of exchange of stabilities developed in [\textit{M. Sherman} and \textit{S. Ostrach}, J. Fluid Mech. 24, 661--671 (1966; Zbl 0139.22703); \textit{S. H. Davis}, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 310, 341--358 (1969; Zbl 0181.55603); \textit{G. P. Galdi} and \textit{B. Straughan}, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 89, 211--228 (1985; Zbl 0622.76061)]; ensuring that the first instability occurs through a real eigenvalue crossing.\N\NComputational implementation, rigorously excluding eigenvalues with nonnegative real part and verifying $\mathrm{Re}(\lambda)<0$ for all admissible perturbations, follows framework of: eigenvalue exclusion method of \textit{S. Cai} and \textit{Y. Watanabe} [Jpn. J. Ind. Appl. Math. 32, 263--294 (2015; Zbl 1333.35140)]; foundational results in verified numerical analysis due to \textit{K. Nagatou} et al. [Numer. Func. Anal. Optim. 20, 543--565 (1999; Zbl 0938.65137)]; rigorous interval arithmetic implemented via [\textit{S. M. Rump}, Developments in reliable computing, 77--104 (1999; Zbl 0949.65046)]; as well as earlier computer-assisted proofs of Kolmogorov flows given in [\textit{Y. Watanabe}, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 223, 953--966 (2009; Zbl 1153.76022)], refined in [\textit{Y. Watanabe}, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 302, 157--170 (2016; Zbl 1334.35213)], and further improved by \textit{K. Kobayashi} and \textit{Y. Watanabe} [JSIAM Lett. 14, 92--95 (2022; Zbl 1501.35320)].
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