Stable modules and a theorem of Camillo and Yu.
direct sum cancellationfinite exchange propertyinternal cancellationMorita contextsstable modulesstable range 1unit-regular elementsvon Neumann regular elements
Structure and classification for modules, bimodules and ideals (except as in 16Gxx), direct sum decomposition and cancellation in associative algebras) (16D70) Module categories in associative algebras (16D90) Grothendieck groups, (K)-theory, etc. (16E20) von Neumann regular rings and generalizations (associative algebraic aspects) (16E50) Conditions on elements (16U99) Stable range conditions (19B10)
The main goal of the paper is to extend to modules a theorem of Camillo and Yu which states that an exchange ring has the K-theoretic condition stable range \(1\) if and only if all of its (von Neumann) regular elements are unit-regular [\textit{V. P. Camillo} and \textit{H.-P. Yu}, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 347, No. 8, 3141-3147 (1995; Zbl 0848.16008)]. Towards that end, concepts of stability (an analog of stable range \(1\)) and unit-regularity are developed for modules and their elements, and more generally for Morita contexts \(\left[\begin{smallmatrix} R&V\\ W&S\end{smallmatrix}\right]\) and elements of \(V\). Applications to a left \(R\)-module \(M\) are obtained by specializing to the standard context \(\left[\begin{smallmatrix} R&M\\ \Hom(M,R)&\text{End}(M)\end{smallmatrix}\right]\). Regularity for an element \(m\in M\) was defined by \textit{J. Zelmanowitz} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 163, 341-355 (1972; Zbl 0227.16022)] to mean that \(((m)f)m=m\) for some \(f\in\Hom(M,R)\), which is equivalent to saying that the element \(\left[\begin{smallmatrix} 0&m\\ 0&0\end{smallmatrix}\right]\) in the ring of the standard context is regular. The main theorem states that a module \(M\) with the finite exchange property is stable if and only if every regular element of \(M\) is unit-regular. The authors also develop a form of stability called regular-stability, which is a condition on the regular elements of a module, and they prove that an arbitrary module \(M\) is regular-stable if and only if every regular element of \(M\) is unit-regular. In case \(M={_RR}\), these conditions are equivalent to internal direct sum cancellation, meaning that whenever \(_RR=K_1\oplus L=K_2\oplus L'\) with \(L\cong L'\), it follows that \(K_1\cong K_2\). This equivalence follows from a proof of \textit{G. Ehrlich} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 216, 81-90 (1976; Zbl 0298.16012)], as made clear by \textit{D. Khurana} and \textit{T. Y. Lam} [J. Algebra 284, No. 1, 203-235 (2005; Zbl 1076.16004)]. For a general \(R\)-module \(M\), the present authors prove that \(M\) is regular-stable if and only if the following comparability condition holds: whenever \(_RR=K_1\oplus L\) and \(M=K_2\oplus L'\) with \(L\cong L'\), the left ideal \(K_1\) is isomorphic to a direct summand of \(K_2\).
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