Structure of solvable rational groups
We say that a finite group \(G\) is rational if all its characters are rational valued. This is equivalent to saying that for each element \(g\) in \(G\) and each integer \(k\) relatively prime to \(|G|\), \(g\) and \(g^k\) are conjugate in \(G\). The best known examples of rational groups are the Weyl groups, which of course include the symmetric groups. It has long been a research problem to obtain detailed information about the structure of rational groups. The classification of finite simple groups shows that there are only two non-Abelian simple rational groups, namely \(\text{Sp}(6,2)\) and \(\text{SO}^+(8,2)\), which occur as composition factors in the Weyl groups of type E\(_7\) and E\(_8\). Among solvable groups, the class of rational groups is small, since the only prime divisors of the order of a solvable rational group are 2, 3 and 5. Now it is relatively easy to show that any (solvable) group of order \(2^a3^b\) can be embedded in a (solvable) rational group of order \(2^c3^d\), for suitable integers \(c\) and \(d\), but solvable rational groups whose orders are divisible by 5 are uncommon, as the main theorems of this paper demonstrate. The starting point for a solvable rational group of order divisible by 5 is the semi-direct product \(M\) of an elementary Abelian group of order 25 by a quaternion group of order 8, where the central involution acts without non-identity fixed points. The author then shows the following. Let \(G\) be a finite solvable rational group. Then the Sylow 5-subgroup of \(G\) is normal and elementary Abelian. Furthermore, suppose that \(|G|=2^a5^c\). Then \(G/O_2(G)\) is isomorphic to a wreath product \(M\wr K\), where \(K\) is a permutation group of 2-power order having certain special properties in its permutation action (which we will not explain here). These remarkable theorems, which severely restrict the structure of a solvable rational group of order divisible by 5, are obtained by a delicate and sustained analysis of special actions of solvable linear groups.
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