Study an integro-differential equation by variational method

The authors study a second-order integral-differential equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions of the form\N\[\N-(y(x)\psi')' + \sigma z(x)\int_{\alpha}^{\beta}z(x)\psi dx=\lambda\theta(x,\psi)\N\]\Nin \((\alpha,\beta)\) with \(\psi(\alpha)=0=\psi(\beta)\). Here the parameter \(\lambda\) is positive, the constants \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are non-negative with \(\alpha<\beta,\theta\) is in \(L^{1}\)-Caratheodory functional defined on \([\alpha,\beta]\times \mathbb R\), \(y\in C^{1}([\alpha,\beta])\) with\N\[\Ny^{-}:=\operatorname{essinf}_{x\in[\alpha,\beta]}y(x)> 0, \qquad z\in L^{2}([\alpha,\beta]),\N\]\Nwith \(z\neq 0\) and \(\sigma \in \mathbb R\) satisfying\N\[\N\sigma >- \frac{\pi^{2}y^{-}}{(\beta-\alpha)^{2}\lVert z \rVert^{2}_{L^{2}}},\N\]\Nwhere \(\lVert.\rVert _{L^{2}}\) denotes the standard norm in the space \(L^{2}([\alpha,\beta])\).\N\NThe authors use variational methods along with two lemmas (Lemma 2.5 and Lemma 2.6) to determine sufficient conditions under which the above problem admits weak solutions. An example is provided to illustrate the result obtained.

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