Subharmonic solutions of first-order Hamiltonian systems
Given a non-autonomous Hamiltonian system \(H(t,x)\), periodic in time with period \(T\), the aim of the paper is to show the existence of \(jT\)-periodic solutions (also called subharmonics) for all \(j \in \mathbb{N}\) in two particular instances: (i) when \(H\) is super-quadratic in \(x\) (the sum of a semipositive definite quadratic form and an additional term which is non-negative and satisfies some additional technical requirements) and (ii) when \(H\) is asymptotically linear (the gradient of \(H\) with respect to \(x\) goes to \(B x\) when \(|x| \rightarrow \infty\) and \(B\) is constant).\N\NIn the first case, the proof is based on the Galerkin approximation and critical point theory. In the second, it relies on a combination of the saddle point reduction theorem and a critical point theorem. The core of this technically complex paper lies in the proofs of Theorems 1.2 and 1.5, which establish the existence of subharmonics. This analysis improves previous results in the same area.
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