Sums associated with orbits in the binary dynamical system
A binary rational is a number \(x \in [0, 1)\) such that either \(x = 0\) or \(x = k/2^n\) for some \(k, n \in \mathbb{N}\), where \(1 \le k < 2^n\). The author considers the binary dynamical system obtained by iterating \(f:[0,1) \rightarrow [0,1)\) where \N\[\Nf(x)= \begin{cases} 2x {\textrm{\hspace{40pt} if \hspace{5pt} }} 0 \le x<1/2,\\\N2x-1 {\textrm{\hspace{20pt} if \hspace{5pt} }} 1/2 \le x <1. \end{cases}\N\]\NHe shows that if \(x \in [0, 1)\) is not a binary rational and \(p>0\), then for some constants \(c_1,c_2>0\), \N\[\Nc_1\Phi_1(n) \le \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{f^{k-1}(x)^p} \le c_2\Psi_1(n) \tag{1}\N\]\Nfor all \(n \in \mathbb{N}\) where the bounding functions \(\Phi_1:\mathbb{N} \rightarrow (0,\infty)\) and \(\Psi_1:\mathbb{N} \rightarrow (0,\infty)\) are given in terms of \(p\) and the lengths of the blocks of zeros and ones in the binary expansion of \(x\). A necessary and sufficient condition is proven for when the bounding function \(\Phi_1\) can replace \(\Psi_1\). Similar to (1), lower and upper bounds are given for the averages \N\[\N\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{f^{k-1}(x)^p}\tag{2}\N\]\Nusing bounding functions \(\Phi_2\) and \(\Psi_2\) and constants \(d_1,d_2>0\). Furthermore, the author studies a similar necessary and sufficient condition for \(\Phi_2\) to replace \(\Psi_2\) in the bounds for (2) involving a regularity condition on the blocks of the binary expansion of \(x\).
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