Surface groups are flexibly stable
Matrix equations and identities (15A24) General theory for infinite permutation groups (20B07) Hyperbolic groups and nonpositively curved groups (20F67) Asymptotic properties of groups (20F69) 2-dimensional topology (including mapping class groups of surfaces, Teichmüller theory, curve complexes, etc.) (57K20) Topological methods in group theory (57M07)
In this article, the authors establish flexible stability in permutations for surface groups, providing the first non-trivial example of a non-amenable flexibly stable group. To define the notion of flexible stability in permutations, for an integer \(N>0\), consider the bi-invariant \textit{normalized Hamming metric} \(d_N\) on the symmetric group \(S_N\) defined as\N\[\Nd_N(\sigma_1,\sigma_2)=\frac{1}{N}|\{i\in \{1,2,\dots,N\}: \sigma_1(i)\neq \sigma_2(i)\}|\N\]\Nfor any \(\sigma_1,\sigma_2\in S_N\). For a free group \(F_{\Sigma}\) on the set \(\Sigma\), let \(\mathrm{Hom}(F_{\Sigma},S_N)\) be the space of homomorphisms from \(F_{\Sigma}\) into \(S_N\). The metric \(d_N\) on \(S_N\) defines a metric \(d_N\) (denoted by the same symbol) on \(\mathrm{Hom}(F_{\Sigma},S_N)\) given as\N\[\Nd_N(\rho_1,\rho_2)=\sum_{\sigma\in \Sigma} d_N(\rho_1(\sigma),\rho_2(\sigma))\N\]\Nfor any \(\rho_1,\rho_2\in \mathrm{Hom}(F_{\Sigma},S_N)\). For \(M\geq N\), consider the map \N\[\N\mathcal{E}_N^M:\mathrm{Hom}(F_{\Sigma},S_N)\to \mathrm{Hom}(F_{\Sigma},S_M)\N\]\Ndefined by extending a given permutation representation of \(F_{\Sigma}\) to act trivially on the extra \(M-N\) points. A group \(G\) is said to be \textit{flexibly stable in permutations} if it admits a finite presentation \(G=\langle \Sigma \mid R \rangle\) with the following property: for any \(\epsilon >0\) there exists \(\delta=\delta (\epsilon)>0\) such that for any integer \(N>0\) and \(\rho\in \mathrm{Hom}(F_{\Sigma},S_N)\) satisfying \N\[\Nd_N(\rho(r),id_N)<\delta \quad \forall r\in R\N\]\Nthere exist an integer \(M>0\) with \(N\leq M\leq (1+\epsilon)N\) and \(\rho'\in \mathrm{Hom}(F_{\Sigma},S_M)\) that factors through the canonical quotient map \(\pi_{\Sigma}:F_{\Sigma}\to G\) and satisfies \N\[\Nd_M(\mathcal{E}_N^M(\rho),\rho')<\epsilon.\N\]\NLet \(S\) be a closed orientable surface of genus \(g\geq 2\). As their main result (see Theorem 1.1), the authors prove that the fundamental group \(\pi_1(S)\) of \(S\) is flexibly stable in permutations. To prove this result, the authors define a geometric notion of flexible stability for a closed orientable hyperbolic surface \(S\) (see Section 2) and prove that \(S\) is flexibly geometrically stable (see Theorem 2.1). The main result now follows from the fact that if \(S\) is flexibly geometrically stable then its fundamental group \(\pi_1(S)\) is flexibly stable in permutations (see Proposition 2.4).
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