The Cartesian ovals

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Cartesian ovals, as constructed by Descartes in 1637, are a natural generalization of conics; they are irreducible quartic algebraic curves. The author relates these curves to the gardener's construction of ellipses, to the Minkowski product of two circles (where \(\mathbb R^2\) is identified with \(\mathbb C\)) and to the refraction of spherical waves by spherical surfaces.











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