The Chebotarev density theorem for function fields -- incomplete intervals

Estimates on character sums (11L40) Asymptotic results on arithmetic functions (11N37) Density theorems (11R45) Arithmetic theory of algebraic function fields (11R58) Polynomials over finite fields (11T06) Computational number theory (11Y99)

Abstract: We prove a Polya-Vinogradov type variation of the the Chebotarev density theorem for function fields over finite fields valid for "incomplete intervals"

I s u b s e t m a t h b b F_{p}

, provided

(p^{1 / 2} l o g p) / | I | = o (1)

. Applications include density results for irreducible trinomials in

m a t h b b F_{p} [x]

, i.e. the number of irreducible polynomials in the set

{f (x) = x^{d} + a_{1} x + a_{0} i n m a t h b b F_{p} [x]}_{a_{0} i n I_{0}, a_{1} i n I_{1}}

is

s i m | I_{0} | c d o t | I_{1} | / d

provided

| I_{0} | > p^{1 / 2 + e p s i l o n}

,

| I_{1} | > p^{e p s i l o n}

, or

| I_{1} | > p^{1 / 2 + e p s i l o n}

,

| I_{0} | > p^{e p s i l o n}

, and similarly when

x^{d}

is replaced by any monic degree

d

polynomial in

m a t h b b F_{p} [x]

. Under the above assumptions we can also determine the distribution of factorization types, and find it to be consistent with the distribution of cycle types of permutations in the symmetric group

S_{d}

.

Review text

Let \({\mathbb F}_p[x]\) be the polynomial ring of one variable over the finite field of \(p\) elements, with \(p\) a prime number. An incomplete interval \(I\) in \({\mathbb F}_p\) is a set of the form \(I=[M,M+1,\ldots,M+n]\) with \(M\in {\mathbb F}_p\) and \(n\in{\mathbb N}\). A monic polynomial \(f(x)\in {\mathbb F}_p[x]\) of degree \(d\) is a \textit{Morse} polynomial if \(|\{f(\xi): f'(\xi)=0\}|=d-1\). If \(f(x)\) is a Morse polynomial of degree \(d\), we have \(|\{a\in{\mathbb F}_p: f(x)+a\}|=\frac pd + O_d(p^{1/2})\). In fact, the distribution of factorization types of \(f(x)+a\) can be computed. If \(f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^l f_i(x)\) with \(f_i(x)\in {\mathbb F}_p[x]\) irreducible and \(d_i=\deg f_i\), \(1\leq d_1\leq \ldots \leq d_l\), we say that the \textit{factorization type} of \(f\) is \((d_1,\ldots,d_l)\). The distribution of factorization types of \(f(x)+a\) for a Morse polynomial \(f(x)\) is consistent with the distribution of cycle types of permutations in the symmetric group \(S_d\) with respect to the Haar measure. The goal of this paper is to show that equidistribution of factorization types holds for incomplete intervals \(I\subseteq {\mathbb F}_p\) as long as \((p^{1/2}\log p)/|I|\) is small. Let \(p\) be a large prime, \(K={\mathbb F}_p (x)\) and let \(L/K\) be a finite Galois extension with Galois group \(G\). Let \({\mathcal O}_K={\mathbb F}_p[x]\) and let \(\big(\frac{L/K}{\mathfrak p}\big)\) denote the Artin symbol, a certain conjugacy class in \(G\). The result (Theorem 1) is the following. Let \(C\subseteq G\) be a conjugacy class. Let \(\mathrm{Frob}_p\) be the Frobenius map and let \({\mathbb F}_{p^n}\) be the field of constants of \(L\). Let \(m=[L:K{\mathbb F}_{p^n}]\). If \(\tau|_{ {\mathbb F}_{p^n}}=\mathrm{Frob}_p|_{{\mathbb F}_{p^n}}\) for all \(\tau\in C\), then \(|\{a\in I: \big(\frac{L/K}{{\mathfrak p}_a}\big)=C\}|=\frac{|C|}{m}|I|+O_{[L:K]} (p^{1/2}\log p)\). Here \({\mathfrak p}_a\) is the ideal generated by \(x-a\). Theorem 1 is a consequence of the following result. If \(\psi\colon {\mathbb F}_p\longrightarrow {\mathbb C}^*\) is a non-trivial character, then \[\Big|\sideset{}{'}\sum\limits_{a\in{\mathbb F}_p: \big(\frac{L/K}{{\mathfrak p_a}}\big) =C}\psi(a)\Big| \ll [L:K]p^{1/2}\] where \(\sideset{}{'}\sum\) denotes the sum restricted to \(a\in{\mathbb F}_p\) such that \({\mathfrak p}_a\) is unramified in \(L\). As applications of the main result, the authors give distributions of irreducible polynomials. Let \(p>d+1\) be a large prime, and let \(f(x)=x^d+\sum_{i=0}^{d-1}a_ix^i\in {\mathbb F}_p[x]\). Then there exist subsets \(B_1,B_2,B_3\subseteq {\mathbb F}_p\) such that \(|B_i|=O_d(1)\), \(1\le i\le 3\) and that for an incomplete interval \(I \subseteq {\mathbb F}_p\), the densities of: (1) \(|\{\alpha\in I: f(x)+\alpha \text{ is irreducible}\}|\) for \(a_1\in {\mathbb F}_p \setminus B_1\); (2) \(|\{\alpha\in I: f(x)+\alpha x \text{ is irreducible}\}|\) for \(a_0\in{\mathbb F}_p \setminus B_2\); and (3) \(|\{\alpha\in I: f(x)+\alpha x^m \text{ is irreducible}\}|\) for \(a_1\neq 0\), \(a_0\in {\mathbb F}_p \setminus B_3\) and for any integer \(m\in [2,d-1]\); are given explicitly. An immediate application is a deterministic time algorithm for constructing irreducible polynomials of degree \(d\) of quite general shapes.

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