The Toronto problem

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2013.11.009MaRDI QIDQ388820zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 7 January 2014

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2013.11.009

Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Scattered spaces (54G12) Peculiar topological spaces (54G99)

Review text

A \textit{Toronto space} is a topological space that is homeomorphic to each of its full-cardinality subspaces. The \textit{Toronto problem} asks whether there exists a non-discrete uncountable Hausdorff Toronto space, and was first posed by J.~Steprāns [``Steprān's problems, in: J. van Mill (ed.) et al., Open problems in topology. Amsterdam etc.: North-Holland. (1990; Zbl 0718.54001)]. Toronto spaces are analogous to fractals, in that they satisfy a ``self-similarity condition, not unlike one that crops up in continuum theory: both the arc and the pseudo-arc are continua that are homeomorphic to each of their nondegenerate subcontinua.NEWLINENEWLINEOne of the main results of the paper under review is a classification of the non-\(T_1\) Toronto spaces of any given infinite cardinality \(\kappa\): up to homeomorphism, there are exactly three; namely the indiscrete topology, and the lower and upper topologies on the linearly ordered set \(\kappa\). (\(T_1\) topologies include the co-finite, the co-countable, etc.)NEWLINENEWLINEThe other main focus in this paper is on what a non-discrete Hausdorff Toronto space \(X\), of cardinality \(\aleph_1\), would look like if it were to exist. (If \(X\) did exist, it would have to live in a model of set theory where the Continuum Hypothesis fails.) For example: (1) \(X\) would be scattered, and each subspace would have just countably many isolated points; (2) \(X\) could not be first countable; (3) \(X\) would be neither locally compact nor paracompact; (4) \(X\) would be hereditarily separable but not Lindelöf (an S-space); and (5) \(X\) could not be both regular and countably compact.

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