The degree method for condensing operators in periodic boundary value problems

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The method of upper and lower solutions is combined in this paper with penalty and truncation techniques and with Leray-Schauder degree theory to produce conditions for the existence of solutions to the following periodic BVP NEWLINE\[NEWLINE(x'(t)+g(t,x(t),x'(t)))'= f(t,x(t),x'(t)),\quad x(0)=x(T),\;x'(0)=x'(T), NEWLINE\]NEWLINE where \(T>0\) is given, \(g\in C^0([0,T]\times\mathbb R^2)\) is \(T\)-periodic in the first variable and \(f\) satisfies the local Carathéodory conditions on \([0,T]\times\mathbb R^2\). An example of a class of problems as above is provided to illustrate the applicability of the conditions.











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