The pentagram map: a discrete integrable system

DOI10.1007/S00220-010-1075-YMaRDI QIDQ5962389zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Valentin Ovsienko, Richard Evan Schwartz, S. Tabachnikov

Publication date 22 September 2010

Published in Communications in Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0810.5605

zbMATH Keywords

Boussinesq equationCasimir functioncompletely integrable systemmonodromypentagram mapPoisson structureprojective transformationtwisted polygonuniversally convex polygon

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Completely integrable finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, integration methods, integrability tests (37J35) Completely integrable infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, integration methods, integrability tests, integrable hierarchies (KdV, KP, Toda, etc.) (37K10) Lattice dynamics; integrable lattice equations (37K60) General theory of linear incidence geometry and projective geometries (51A05) Convex sets in (2) dimensions (including convex curves) (52A10)

Abstract: The pentagram map is a projectively natural iteration defined on polygons, and also on objects we call twisted polygons (a twisted polygon is a map from Z into the projective plane that is periodic modulo a projective transformation). We find a Poisson structure on the space of twisted polygons and show that the pentagram map relative to this Poisson structure is completely integrable in the sense of Arnold-Liouville. For certain families of twisted polygons, such as those we call universally convex, we translate the integrability into a statement about the quasi-periodic motion for the dynamics of the pentagram map. We also explain how the pentagram map, in the continuous limit, corresponds to the classical Boussinesq equation. The Poisson structure we attach to the pentagram map is a discrete version of the first Poisson structure associated with the Boussinesq equation.

Review text

A twisted \(n\)-gon associated to a projective automorphism \(M\) (called monodromy) of the real projective plane \(\mathbb{RP}^2\) is a map \(\varphi:\mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{RP}^2\) such that \(\varphi(k+n)=M\circ\varphi(k),\;k\in\mathbb{Z}\). The pentagram map, introduced in \textit{R. Schwartz} [Exp. Math. 1, No.\,1, 71--81 (1992; Zbl 0765.52004)], assigns to every convex closed \(n\)-gon \(P\) the convex hull \(T(P)\) of the intersection points of consecutive shortest diagonals of \(P\). The action of the pentagram map on the space \(\mathcal{P}_n\) of twisted \(n\)-gons (modulo the equivalence induced by a projective transformation) was studied and, for each \(n\), a family of invariant functions (called weighted monodromy invariants) was indicated in \textit{R. Schwartz} [J. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 3, No.~2, 379--409 (2008; Zbl 1148.51001)]. In particular, there are \(2\) such invariants when \(n\) is odd, respectively 4 invariants when \(n\) is even, with a special behavior. The main result of the paper under review states that there exists a Poisson structure on \({\mathcal P}_n\) having co-rank 2 when \(n\) is odd and co-rank 4 when \(n\) is even. The special monodromy invariants mentioned above (which are precisely the Casimir functions of the structure) generically span the null space of the Poisson structure, while the rest of the invariants Poisson-commute. Some geometric examples are presented (including, in particular, the universally convex \(n\)-gons) where the main theorem leads to the quasi-periodic motion for the dynamics of the pentagram map. A new coordinate system for \({\mathcal P}_n\) is introduced and used to prove that the continuous limit of the pentagram map is preciselly the Boussinesq equation. It is finally shown that the constructed Poisson bracket can be viewed as a discrete analog of the first Poisson structure of the Boussinesq equation.

Recommendations

• Quasiperiodic motion for the pentagram map
• Integrability of the pentagram map
• The pentagram integrals for Poncelet families
• Long‐diagonal pentagram maps
• Integrability of higher pentagram maps
• The pentagram map in higher dimensions and KdV flows
• The algebraic dynamics of the pentagram map
• On integrable generalizations of the pentagram map
• Pentagrams, inscribed polygons, and Prym varieties
• Lectures on pentagram maps and KdV hierarchies

Cites work

• A periodicity theorem for the octahedron recurrence
• Cluster algebras. I: Foundations
• Determinants and alternating sign matrices
• Discrete Curves in and the Toda Lattice
• Discrete differential geometry. Integrable structure
• Discrete monodromy, pentagrams, and the method of condensation
• Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction for difference operators and deformations of \({\mathcal W}\)-algebras. I: The case of Virasoro algebra
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2131206 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 98596 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1014124 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 2100971 (Why is no real title available?)
• Integrable deformations of a polygon
• Integrable maps
• Lattice analogues of \(W\)-algebras and classical integrable equations
• Menelaus$apos$ theorem, Clifford configurations and inversive geometry of the Schwarzian KP hierarchy
• Moduli spaces of convex projective structures on surfaces
• Perfect matchings and the octahedron recurrence
• Poisson groups and differential Galois theory of Schrödinger equation on the circle
• Quasiperiodic motion for the pentagram map
• Recuttings of polygons
• Reduction of bi-Hamiltonian systems and separation of variables: An example from the Boussinesq hierarchy
• THE BOUSSINESQ INTEGRABLE SYSTEM: COMPATIBLE LATTICE AND CONTINUUM STRUCTURES
• The local structure of Poisson manifolds
• The pentagon in the projective plane, with a comment on Napier’s rule
• The Pentagram Map is Recurrent
• The problem of integrable discretization: Hamiltonian approach

Cited in

(71)

• Quasiperiodic motion for the pentagram map
• A first integrability result for Miquel dynamics
• A projective analogue of Napoleon's and Varignon's theorems
• On generalizations of the pentagram map: discretizations of AGD flows
• Continuous limits of generalized pentagram maps
• Non-commutative integrability of the Grassmann pentagram map
• Explicit solutions to a coupled integrable lattice equation
• Lagrangian configurations and symplectic cross-ratios
• A baker's dozen of problems
• Triangular reductions of the \(2D\) Toda hierarchy
• The pentagram map on Grassmannians
• Solutions to the T-systems with principal coefficients
• The geometry of dented pentagram maps
• Poncelet-Darboux, Kippenhahn, and Szegő: interactions between projective geometry, matrices and orthogonal polynomials
• Pentagram maps and refactorization in Poisson-Lie groups
• Polygon recutting as a cluster integrable system
• \(Y\)-meshes and generalized pentagram maps
• Linear difference equations, frieze patterns, and the combinatorial Gale transform
• The pentagram map: geometry, algebra, integrability
• Integrable cluster dynamics of directed networks and pentagram maps
• Pentagrams, inscribed polygons, and Prym varieties
• Coxeter's frieze patterns at the crossroads of algebra, geometry and combinatorics
• On singularity confinement for the pentagram map
• Discrete moving frames and discrete integrable systems
• Liouville-Arnold integrability of the pentagram map on closed polygons
• Integrability of higher pentagram maps
• Discrete integrable systems and Poisson algebras from cluster maps
• Integrability of the pentagram map
• Higher pentagram maps, weighted directed networks, and cluster dynamics
• On reductions of the discrete Kadomtsev–Petviashvili-type equations
• Loop groups, clusters, dimers and integrable systems
• Open problems, questions and challenges in finite- dimensional integrable systems
• Hamiltonian evolutions of twisted polygons in parabolic manifolds: the Lagrangian Grassmannian
• The devron property
• \(T\)-systems and the pentagram map
• Non-integrability vs. integrability in pentagram maps
• The pentagram integrals for Poncelet families
• The limit point of the pentagram map
• The pentagram map, Poncelet polygons, and commuting difference operators
• Geometry and dynamics of the pentagram map
• Projective Configuration Theorems: Old Wine into New Wineskins
• The pentagram map and \(Y\)-patterns
• Pentagram spirals
• On the integrability of the shift map on twisted pentagram spirals
• The algebraic dynamics of the pentagram map
• Pentagram-type maps and the discrete KP equation
• Projective self-dual polygons in higher dimensions
• Elementary surprises in projective geometry
• Long‐diagonal pentagram maps
• Exploring the dynamics of the circumcenter map
• Discrete dynamics in cluster integrable systems from geometric \(R\)-matrix transformations
• The pentagram integrals on inscribed polygons
• W_m-algebras and fractional powers of difference operators
• On Projective Evolutes of Polygons
• Pentagram maps on coupled polygons: integrability, geometry and orthogonality
• GIT stability of linear maps on projective space with marked points
• Spirals, tic-tac-toe partition, and deep diagonal maps
• The flapping birds in the pentagram zoo
• Multi-component discrete integrable hierarchy and its Hamiltonian structure
• Integrable dynamics in projective geometry via dimers and triple crossing diagram maps on the cylinder
• Hyperbolic stable polynomials and total positivity
• The Schwarzian octahedron recurrence (dSKP Equation). II: Geometric systems.
• On noncommutative leapfrog map
• 2-frieze patterns and the cluster structure of the space of polygons
• Generalized pentagram maps via Q-nets and refactorization mappings
• On consistency around a 333 cube and Q3 analogue of lattice Boussinesq equation
• When Grünbaum meets Poncelet: infinite classes of movable (n₄) configurations
• Introducing supersymmetric frieze patterns and linear difference operators
• Polynomial cubic differentials and convex polygons in the projective plane
• Commuting difference operators and the combinatorial Gale transform
• Discrete monodromy, pentagrams, and the method of condensation

This page was built for publication: The pentagram map: a discrete integrable system

Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q5962389)