The ubiquitous heat kernel

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For a positive self-adjoint operator \(A\) acting on an \(L^2\) space of functions and a positive real number \(t\), the action of the operator \(e^{-tA}\) often can be represented as integration against a kernel function. The one parameter family of integral kernels, indexed by \(t\), is known as the heat kernel of \(A\). In the special case that \(A\) is the (positive) Laplacian acting on \(L^2(\mathbb{R},dx)\), where \(dx\) is Lebesgue measure, the heat kernel of \(A\) is the fundamental solution of the classical heat equation on the real line; this explains the name ``heat kernel. However, the existence of such an integral kernel is known in much greater generality than this classical example. The present paper shows, perhaps surprisingly to most mathematicians, how thoroughly heat kernels have permeated mathematics. The authors describe important properties of heat kernels and highlight their appearance in several diverse areas of mathematics. Examples discussed include applications of heat kernels to intersection theory, the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer Index Theorem, theta relations and zeta transforms, and character formulas in Lie theory. Many other appearances of heat kernels are described, and an extensive bibliography is provided. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0955.00011].




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