The weighted logarithmic mean
Based on the integral formula \(L(x, y)= \int^ 1_ 0 x^ t y^{1- t} dt\) for the logarithmic mean in two variables, the author generalizes it to several variables by defining \[ L(\mu; x_ 1, x_ 2,\dots, x_ n)= \int x^{t_ 1}_ 1 x^{t_ 2}_ 2\cdots x^{t_ n}_ n d\mu(t). \] He shows that this is homogeneous of degree 1 in \((x_ 1,\dots, x_ n)\) and lies between the weighted geometric and arithmetic means with weights \[ w_ k= \int t_ k d\mu(t)\qquad (k= 1,\dots, n). \] Here \(t_ 1+ t_ 2+\cdots+ t_ n= 1\), \(0\leq t_ k< 1\), the integration is done with respect to \(t= (t_ 2,\dots, t_ n)\) and thus on the simplex defined by \(t_ k\geq 0\) \((k= 2,\dots, n)\), \(t_ 2+\cdots+ t_ n\leq 1\), while \(\mu\) is a probability measure on that simplex. He then offers confluent hypergeometric functions as particular cases and derives, mainly by using numerical quadrature formulae with great virtuosity, inequalities and limiting formulas for these means. The latter state that the limits of \(L(cu_ 1,\dots, cu_ n; x_ 1,\dots, x_ n)\) as \(c\) tends to 0 or \(\infty\) are the weighted geometric and arithmetic means, respectively, of \(x_ 1,\dots, x_ n\) with the weights \(u_ 1,\dots, u_ n(c, u_ 1,\dots, u_ n> 0, u_ 1+\cdots+ u_ n= 1)\).
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