Topological groups and integer-valued norms
This paper is concerned with the existence of continuous characters on topological abelian groups. It is shown in the appendix to the paper that if a topological group \( G \) has a basis of neighborhoods which are the intersection of weak neighborhoods and if \( G \) is connected, then \( G \) is a projective limit of groups \( G_{\alpha} \) where each \( G_{\alpha} \) is the quotient of a normed space \( E_{\alpha} \) modulo a discrete subgroup \( {K}_{\alpha} \). Here a weak neighborhood of \( {G} \) is a neighborhood which is the inverse image of a balanced neighborhood of the circle group by a continuous character of \( G \). Thus the problem of the existence of continuous characters on a topological group is equivalent to the problem of studying groups \( G \) which are quotient groups of normed spaces \( E \) modulo a discrete subgroup \( K \). If \( E / K \) has a basis of neighborhoods that are the intersection of weak neighborhoods, it is shown that \( E \) can be equipped with an equivalent norm such that the norm restricted to \( K \) is integer valued. Conversely, if \( E \) is a separable normed space and \( K \) is a subgroup such that the norm of \( E \) restricted to \( K \) is integer-valued, then all of the points of \( G=E / K \) are separated by continuous characters from the identity of \( G \) except for a discrete subgroup. This theorem is proved by using a Hahn-Banach type theorem for the integers. In particular, if \( K \) is an abelian group, an integer-valued norm is a function \(\|\| : K \rightarrow \mathbb{Z} \), where \( \mathbb{Z} \) is the integers, such that \(\|\|\) satisfies (1) \( \|x\|=0 \) if and only if \( x=0 \), (2) \( \|x+y\| \leq\|x\|+\|y\| \), and (3) \( \|n x\|=\|n\| x \| \) for \( n \in \mathbb{Z} \). If \( K \) is an abelian group such that \( \mathrm{K} \) is the direct sum of a countable number of cyclic groups and K's Z-basis is \( \left\{u_{1}\right\}_{1=1}^{\infty} \), then the Hahn-Banach type theorem for the integers says that there is a homomorphism \( f: K \rightarrow Z \) such that \( f\left(u_{1}\right)=\left\|u_{1}\right\| \) and \( |f(x)| s \) \( \|x\| \) for all \( x \in K \). The paper also gives an example of a Hausdorff topological abelian group all of whose points are separated from the identity except for a subgroup of order two.
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