Two-parameter eigenvalue problems in nonlinear second order differential equations
The nonlinear two-parameter problem \[ -u(x)+\lambda u(x)^q =\mu u(x)^p, x\in I=(0,1),\;u(x)>0, u(0)=u(1)=0, \] with \(1\leq p,q\) is considered, where \(\lambda,\mu\) are real parameters. If \((\lambda,\mu(\lambda),u_\lambda)\) is a solution of this problem, then \(\mu(\lambda)\) is called a variational eigenvalue if \(\lambda,\mu(\lambda)\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(E_\lambda(u_\lambda)=\inf\limits_{u\in M_\gamma} E_\lambda(u)\), where \(E_\lambda(u):=1/2|u|_X^2+1/(q+1)\lambda|u|_{q+1}^{q+1}\), \(M_\gamma:=\{u\in X:|u|_{p+1}=\gamma\}\), \(X=H^1_0(I)\) is the Sobolev space with norm \(|u|_X=|u'|_2\), and \(\gamma>0\) is a constant. Existence, uniqueness, and asymptotics of \(\mu(\lambda)\) are investigated. For \(\lambda\geq0\), a variational eigenvalue \(\mu(\lambda)\) exists if \(1\leq p,q\) and is unique and depends continuously on \(\lambda\) if additionally \(q<2p+3\). For \(\lambda<0\), a variational eigenvalue \(\mu(\lambda)\) exists, is unique and depends continuously on \(\lambda(\in \mathbb{R})\) if \(1\leq q<p+2\). Furthermore, the asymptotic formulas \(\mu(\lambda)=C_\pm|\lambda|^{(p+3)/(2p+3-q)}(1+o(1))\) as \(\lambda\to\pm\infty\) hold, where the positive constants \(C_+\) and \(C_-\) are explicitly given, for \(\lambda>0\) if \(1\leq q<p\) and \(\lambda<0\) if \(1\leq p<q<p+2\).
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