Two new algebraic structures more general than weak rings

Ramsey theory (05D10) Generalizations (16Y99) Automorphisms, homomorphisms, endomorphisms, etc. for abelian groups (20K30) General structure theory for semigroups (20M10)

Review text

Let \((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\) be a sequence of positive integers. Then \(\mathrm{FS}((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty})\) and \(\mathrm{FP}((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty})\) denote the sets of all sums and products of non-empty finite subsequences of \((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\), respectively. \textit{N. Hindman} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 247, 227--245 (1979; Zbl 0401.05012)] showed that given any finite partition of the set of all non-negative integers, at least one of the parts necessarily contains both \(\mathrm{FS}((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty})\) for some sequence \((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\) and \(\mathrm{FP}((y_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty})\) for some sequence \((y_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\).\N\NFurthermore, a set of positive integers \(A\) is an \(\mathrm{IP}^*\) set if \(A \cap \mathrm{FS}((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}) \neq \emptyset\) for every sequence of positive integers \((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\). A sequence of positive integers \((y_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\) is called a \textit{sum subsystem} of some other sequence \((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\) if there exists a sequence of nonempty finite sets of positive integers \(H_1,H_2,H_3,\ldots\) such that \(\max H_n < \min H_{n + 1}\) for \(n = 1,2,3,\ldots\), while \N\[\Ny_n = \sum_{t \in H_n} x_t.\N\]\N\textit{V. Bergelson} and \textit{N. Hindman} [Combinatorica 14, No. 3, 269--277 (1994; Zbl 0820.05061)] proved that for any \(\mathrm{IP}^*\) set \(A\) and any sequence of positive integers \((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\), there exists a sum subsystem \((y_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\) of \((x_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}\) such that \(\mathrm{FS}((y_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}) \cup \mathrm{FP}((y_n)_{n = 1}^{\infty}) \subseteq A\).\N\NThe latter result was generalized from the setting of positive integers to that of arbitrary weak rings by \textit{N. Hindman} and \textit{D. Strauss} [Algebra in the Stone-Čech compactification. Theory and applications. 2nd revised and extended ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (2012; Zbl 1241.22001)].\N\NThe article under review takes this generalization even further. Two new algebraic structures more general than weak rings are introduced: the \textit{adequate partial weak rings} and the \textit{adequate poor rings}. Both results described above are generalized to these two settings.

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