Unification of Independence in Quantum Probability
The main themes of this paper consist in showing that the principal types of noncommutative independence can be obtained from tensor independence and are also associated with certain *-bialgebras. Let \((_{*\ell\in I}{\mathcal A}, _{*\ell\in I}(\phi_\ell, \psi_\ell))\) be the conditionally free product of unital free *-algebras \({\mathcal A}_\ell\), where \(\phi_\ell\), \(\psi_\ell\) are states on \({\mathcal A}_\ell\), \(\ell\in I\). Then a sequence of noncommutative probability spaces \((\widetilde{\mathcal A}^{(m)}, \widetilde\Phi^{(m)})\), \(m\in\mathbb{N}\), is constructed with appropriate unital *-homomorphisms \(j^{(m)}: _{*\ell\in I}{\mathcal A}_\ell\to \widetilde{\mathcal A}^{(m)}\), i.e., \[ \widetilde{\mathcal A}^{(m)}= \bigotimes_{\ell\in I} \widetilde{\mathcal A}^{\otimes m}_\ell, \] \(\widetilde{\mathcal A}= {\mathcal A}*\mathbb{C}[t]\) (the free product of \({\mathcal A}\) and the algebra \(\mathbb{C}[t]\) of polynomials in one Hermitian variable \(t\)), and the tensor product state is given by \[ \widetilde\Phi^{(m)}= \bigotimes_{\ell\in I} \widetilde\phi_\ell\otimes \widetilde\psi^{\otimes(m- 1)}_\ell,\quad m\in\mathbb{N}, \] where the states \(\widetilde\phi_\ell\) (resp. \(\widetilde\psi_\ell\)) are Boolean extensions of \(\phi_\ell\) (resp. \(\psi_\ell\)), \(\ell\in I\). In fact, the main theorem says that the \(m\)-free product state \(\widetilde\Phi^{(m)}\circ j^{(m)}\) agrees with the conditionally free product state on word products \(w_1\cdots w_n\), (\(w_i\in {\mathcal A}_{k_i}\)) of not more than \(2m\) words. As a corollary, the author obtains pointwise convergence of \(\widetilde\Phi^{(m)}\circ j^{(m)}\) to the conditionally free product of states \(_{*\ell\in\{1,2\}}(\phi_i, \psi_i)\) on \(_{*i\in \{1,2\}}{\mathcal A}_i\). Since all finite joint correlations for known examples of independence can be obtained from tensor products of appropriate *-algebras, this approach can be viewed as a unification of independence. Finally, the author shows how to make the \(m\)-fold free product \(\widetilde{\mathcal A}^{*(m)}\) into a cocommutative *-bialgebra associated with \(m\)-freeness.
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