Uniform distribution of sequences and its interplay with functional analysis

DOI10.1007/S10476-023-0193-7MaRDI QIDQ6111829zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors S. K. Mercourakis, G. Vassiliadis

Publication date 4 August 2023

Published in Analysis Mathematica (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.02306

Cesàro summable sequence function of bounded variation uniformly distributed sequence

General theory of distribution modulo (1) (11K06) Summability and bases; functional analytic aspects of frames in Banach and Hilbert spaces (46B15)

Abstract: In this paper we apply ideas from the theory of Uniform Distribution of sequences to Functional Analysis and then drawing inspiration from the consequent results, we study concepts and results in Uniform Distribution itself. So let

E

be a Banach space. Then we prove:\ (a) If

F

is a bounded subset of

E

and

x i n o v e r l i n e c o (F)

(= the closed convex hull of

F

), then there is a sequence

(x_{n}) s u b s e t e q F

which is Ces`{a}ro summable to

x

.\ (b) If

E

is separable,

F s u b s e t e q E^{*}

bounded and

f i n o v e r l i n e {c o}^{w^{*}} (F)

, then there is a sequence

(f_{n}) s u b s e t e q F

whose sequence of arithmetic means

f r a c f_{1} + d o t s + f_{N} N

,

N g e 1

weak

^{*}

-converges to

f

. By the aid of the Krein-Milman theorem, both (a) and (b) have interesting implications for closed, convex and bounded subsets

O m e g a

of

E

such that

O m e g a = o v e r l i n e c o (e x O m e g a)

and for weak

^{*}

compact and convex subsets of

E^{*}

. Of particular interest is the case when

O m e g a = B_{C (K)^{*}}

, where

K

is a compact metric space. By further expanding the previous ideas and results, we are able to generalize a classical theorem of Uniform Distribution which is valid for increasing functions

v a r p h i : I = [0, 1] i g h t a r r o w m a t h b b R

with

v a r p h i (0) = 0

and

v a r p h i (1) = 1

, for functions

v a r p h i

of bounded variation on

I

with

v a r p h i (0) = 0

and total variation

V_{0}^{1} v a r p h i = 1

.

Review text

Using some ideas from Uniform Distribution of sequences theory, the following basic result is established by the authors:\par {Theorem 1.} Let \(E\) be a Banach space. Then,\par a) if \(F\) is bounded in \(E\) and \(x\in \text{ cl}\text{ co}(F)\) (the closed convex hull of \(F\)), then there exists a sequence \((x_n)\) in \(F\) which is Cesàro summable to \(x\).\par b) If \(E\) is separable, \(F\) is bounded in \(E^*\) and \(f\in \text{ cl}_{w^*} \text{ co}(F)\), then there exists a sequence \((f_n)\) in \(F\) whose sequence of arithmetic means \(((1/N)(f_1+\dots+f_N)\); \(N\ge 1)\) weak\(^*\)-converges to \(f\).\par Then, by further expanding these methods, the following result is proved.\par {Theorem 2.} Let \(\varphi:[a,b]\to R\) be a bounded variation function with \(\varphi(a)=0\) and \(V_a^b\varphi=1\). Also, let \(v\), \(p\) and \(n\) be the functions of total, positive and negative variations of \(\varphi\). Then, there are sequences \((x_n)\) in \([a,b]\) and \((\varepsilon_n)\) in \(\{-1,1\}\), such that, for every \(x\in [a,b]\) we have\par 1) \(\lim_N (1/N)\sum_{k=1}^N \chi_{[a,x)}(x_k)=v(x)\),\par 2) \(\lim_N (1/N)\sum_{k=1}^N \varepsilon_k \chi_{[a,x)}(x_k)=\varphi(x)\),\par 3) \(\lim_N (1/2N)\sum_{k=1}^N (1+\varepsilon_k) \chi_{[a,x)}(x_k)=p(x)\),\par 4) \(\lim_N (1/2N)\sum_{k=1}^N (1-\varepsilon_k) \chi_{[a,x)}(x_k)=n(x)\).\par Further aspects suggested by these developments are also discussed.

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