Universal marked spaces
In this paper, the author continues his research on the universality problem by constructing universal marked spaces for several classes of marked spaces. All spaces are assumed to be \(\textrm{T}_0\)-spaces of weight less than or equal to a fixed infinite cardinal \(\tau\). By a \textit{marked space} \(X\) we mean a space in which a point, denoted by \(a^X,\) is fixed. Such a marked space is denoted by \((X, a^X)\). Let \(\mathbb{S}\) be a class of spaces. By \((\mathbb{S},*)\) we shall denote a class of marked spaces \((X,a^X)\) such that \(X\in\mathbb{S}\) and for each \(Y\in\mathbb{S}\) there exists an element \((Y,a^Y)\in (\mathbb{S},*)\). A marked space \((T,a^T)\) is called \textit{universal in the class \((\mathbb{S},*)\)} if: (1) \((T,a^T)\in (\mathbb{S},*)\) and (2) for each element \((X,a^X)\in (\mathbb{S},*)\) there exists an embedding \(i^X_T\) of the space \(X\) into the space \(T\) such that \(i^X_T(a^X)=a^T\).\N\NIt is evident that if in a class \((\mathbb{S},*)\) of marked spaces there exist universal elements, then in the class \(\mathbb{S}\) of spaces there exist also universal elements. The converse is in general false, but it is true if the class \(\mathbb{S}\) has a homogeneous universal space. For each class \(\mathbb{S}\) of spaces, the class of all marked spaces \((X,a^X)\), where \(X\in\mathbb{S}\) and \(\{a^X\}\) is a closed subset of \(X\), is denoted by \((\mathbb{S},\circ)\) . The main result of this paper states that in many classes \((\mathbb{S},\circ)\) of marked spaces (for instance, \(\mathbb{S}\) could be the class of all regular spaces, the class of all completely regular spaces, the class of all spaces of dimension \(ind\leqslant n\in\omega\), and so on) there are universal marked spaces \((T_A,A)\). To construct a space \(T_A\), the author first constructs a universal space \(T\) in \(\mathbb{S}\), which is a so-called Containing Space. The construction of the Containing Spaces is given in [\textit{S. Iliadis}, Topology Appl. 107, No. 1--2, 97--116 (2000; Zbl 0986.54021)] and in more details in the book [\textit{S. D. Iliadis}, Universal spaces and mappings. Amsterdam: Elsevier (2005; Zbl 1072.54001)].
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