Using Nonorthogonal Lanczos Vectors in the Computation of Matrix Functions

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The Lanczos algorithm uses a three-term recurrence to construct an orthonormal basis for the Krylov space corresponding to a symmetric matrix \(A\) and a nonzero starting vector \(\varphi\). The Lanczos vectors and recurrence coefficients are used for a number of purposes, including solving linear systems \(Au=\varphi\) and computing the matrix exponential \(e^{-tA}\varphi\). An analysis is made showing why the Lanczos vectors produced in finite precision arithmetic can be used effectively for solving linear systems and computing the matrix exponential. This analysis make use of complicated results about the spectra of the tridiagonal matrices produced by the Lanczos algorithm in finite precision arithmetic. The finite precision model to be analyzed is defined. It is shown that for this model the residual norm is almost completely determined by the tridiagonal matrix and the next recurrence coefficient generated by the finite precision Lanczos computation. This result is used to compare the residuals from finite precision computations to those of the exact algorithms applied to a different problem. This comparison is extended to compare nonoptimal approximations to the optimal approximations of a slightly lower degree for this different problem. Error bounds for the finite precision computation are derived and compared with those of exact arithmetic, and a new arithmetic error bound is proved, showing that the Lanczos approximation of real stable matrix exponentials is close to optimal.




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