Wheels on division by zero

The author introduces and investigates the notion of a wheel. A wheel is a structure \(\langle H,0,1,+,\cdot,/\rangle\) in which the following identities hold: \((1)\;(x+y)+z=x+(y+z);\) \((2)\;x+y=y+x;\) \((3)\;x+0=x;\) \((4)\;(xy)z=x(yz);\) \((5)\;xy=yx;\) \((6)\;x1=x;\) \((7)\;//x=x;\) \((8)\;/(xy)=/y/x;\) \((9)\;(x+y)z+0z=xz+yz;\) \((10)\;x/y+z+0y=(x+yz)/y;\) \((11)\;00=0;\) \((12)\;(x+0y)z=xz+0y;\) \((13)\;/(x+0y)=/x+0y;\) \((14)\;x+0/0=0/0.\) Here \(H\) is a set, \(0\) and \(1\) are constants, \(+\) and \(\cdot\) are binary operation and \(/\) is a unary operation. The dot for multiplication is omitted. The usual priority rules apply: lower-arity gives higher priority and multiplication is prior to addition. The main goal of the paper is to show that the given axioms for wheels are natural and to clarify how valid identities for wheels relate to valid identities for commutative rings and semirings. Notice that axioms (1)--(3) mean that \(\langle H,0,+\rangle\) is a commutative monoid and axioms (4)--(8) mean that \(\langle H,1,\cdot,/\rangle\) is a commutative monoid with involution \(/\). Wheels are similar to rings, but \(0x=0\) does not hold in general. The subset \(\{x\mid 0x=0\}\) of any wheel is a commutative ring (or semiring), and any commutative ring (or semiring) with identity can be described as such a subset of a wheel.

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