Worst unstable points of a Hilbert scheme
Let \(\text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r)\) be the Hilbert scheme that parametrizes flat families of subschemes of \(\mathbb{P}^r\) with Hilbert polynomial \(P(t)\). It is classically constructed as subscheme of the Grassmannian \(\text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d)\) parametrizing vector subspaces of dimension \(Q(d) = \binom{r+d}{r}-P(d)\) of the homogeneous piece \(S_d\) of degree \(d\) of the coordinate ring \(S = k[x_0,\ldots,x_r]\) of \(\mathbb{P}^r\), for \(d\) sufficiently large. Hence, the Hilbert scheme can be realized as a projective scheme through the Plücker embedding of \(\text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d)\) \[ \text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r) \hookrightarrow \text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d) \hookrightarrow \mathbb{P}\left(\wedge^{Q(d)} S_d\right). \] The group of automorphisms of \(\text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r)\) given by the action of the general linear group \(\text{GL}_{r+1}(k)\) on \(\mathbb{P}^r\) is compatible with the linear action induced by \(\text{GL}_{r+1}(k)\) on the Grassmannian \(\text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d)\) and on the wedge product \(\wedge^{Q(d)} S_d\), so that it is natural to look at the GIT quotients of the special linear group. The author studies the quotient \(\text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r) /\!\!/\, \text{SL}_{r+1}(k)\) using some characterization of the quotient \(\mathbb{P}\left(\wedge^{Q(d)} S_d\right) /\!\!/\, \text{SL}_{r+1}(k)\). In particular, the author tries to understand the geometry of the subschemes corresponding to unstable points. Starting from the Hesselink stratification [\textit{W.~H.~Hesselink}, J.~Reine Angew.~Math.~303/304, 74--96 (1978; Zbl 0386.20020)] of the unstable locus of \(\mathbb{P}\left(\wedge^{Q(d)} S_d\right)\) \[ \mathbb{P}\left(\wedge^{Q(d)} S_d\right)^{\text{us}} = \mathbb{P}\left(\wedge^{Q(d)} S_d\right) \setminus \mathbb{P}\left(\wedge^{Q(d)} S_d\right)^{\text{ss}} = \coprod_{[\lambda],e} E_{[\lambda],e}, \] where strata are indexed by the conjugacy class \([\lambda]\) of adapted 1-parameter subgroups of \(\text{SL}_{r+1}(k)\) and by the Kempf index \(e\) [\textit{G.~R.~Kempf}, Ann.~Math.~(2) 108, 299--316 (1978; Zbl 0406.14031)], the author considers the induced stratifications \[ \text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r)^{\text{us}} = \coprod_{[\lambda],e} \left( E_{[\lambda],e} \cap \text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r)\right) \] and \[ \text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d)^{\text{us}} = \coprod_{[\lambda],e} \Big( E_{[\lambda],e} \cap \text{Gr}\big(Q(d),S_d\big)\Big). \] As the Kemps index is a measure of instability, the author defines the worst unstable point of \(\text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r)\) (resp.~\(\text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d)\)) as a point contained in the non-empty stratum \(E_{[\lambda],e} \cap \text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r)\) (resp.~\(E_{[\lambda],e} \cap \text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d))\)) with highest Kempf index. In the paper, the author focuses on \begin{itemize} \item the behavior of the worst unstable points of \(\text{Hilb}^P(\mathbb{P}^r)\) depending on the degree \(d\) chosen for the embedding in the Grassmannian \(\text{Gr}(Q(d),S_d)\); \item the relation between the worst unstable points of the Grassmannian and of the Hilbert scheme; \item the special case of constant Hilbert polynomials. \end{itemize}
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