Zeta Functions and the Log Behaviour of Combinatorial Sequences

DOI10.1017/S0013091515000036MaRDI QIDQ2949788zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors William Y. C. Chen, Jeremy J. F. Guo, Larry X. W. Wang

Publication date 2 October 2015

Published in Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.5213

zbMATH Keywords

Bell numberBernoulli numberBessel zeta functionlog-convexityNarayana numberRiemann zeta function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Combinatorial inequalities (05A20) Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials (11B68) Bell and Stirling numbers (11B73) (zeta (s)) and (L(s, chi)) (11M06)

Abstract: In this paper, we use the Riemann zeta function $zeta(x)$ and the Bessel zeta function $zet{a}_{mu}(x)$ to study the log-behavior of combinatorial sequences. We prove that $zeta(x)$ is log-convex for $x>1$. As a consequence, we deduce that the sequence ${|B_{2n}|/(2n)!}_{ngeq1}$ is log-convex, where $B_n$ is the $n$-th Bernoulli number. We introduce the function $heta(x)=(2zeta(x)Gamma(x+1){)}^{frac1x}$, where $Gamma(x)$ is the gamma function, and we show that $logheta(x)$ is strictly increasing for $xgeq6$. This confirms a conjecture of Sun stating that the sequence ${sqrt[n]|B_{2n}|}_{ngeq1}$ is strictly increasing. Amdeberhan, Moll and Vignat defined the numbers $a_n(mu)=2^{2n+1}(n+1)!(mu+1{)}_{n}zet{a}_{mu}(2n)$ and conjectured that the sequence ${a_n(mu)}_{ngeq1}$ is log-convex for $mu=0$ and $mu=1$. By proving that $zet{a}_{mu}(x)$ is log-convex for $x>1$ and $mu>-1$, we show that the sequence ${a_n(mu)}_{ngeq1}$ is log-convex for any $mu>-1$. We introduce another function $het{a}_{mu}(x)$ involving $zet{a}_{mu}(x)$ and the gamma function $Gamma(x)$ and we show that $loghet{a}_{mu}(x)$ is strictly increasing for $x>8e(mu+2{)}^2$. This implies that $sqrt[n]a_n(mu)<sqrt[n+1]a_{n+1}(mu)$ for $n>4e(mu+2{)}^2$. Based on Dobinski's formula, we prove that $sqrt[n]B_n<sqrt[n+1]B_{n+1}$ for $ngeq1$, where $B_n$ is the $n$-th Bell number. This confirms another conjecture of Sun. We also establish a connection between the increasing property of ${sqrt[n]B_n}_{ngeq1}$ and H"{o}lder's inequality in probability theory.

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Cites work

• Exponential Numbers
• Probabilistic Methods in Combinatorial Analysis
• Sharp upper and lower bounds for the gamma function
• The Number of Partitions of a Set
• The umbral calculus
• Two integer sequences related to Catalan numbers

Cited in

(9)

• Logarithmic convexity and increasing property of the Bernoulli numbers and their ratios
• Logarithmic integrals, zeta values, and tiered binomial coefficients
• A zeta function for juggling sequences
• The monotonicity and log-behaviour of some functions related to the Euler gamma function
• Some remarks on the Riemann zeta function and prime factors of numerators of Bernoulli numbers
• Proofs of some conjectures on monotonicity of number-theoretic and combinatorial sequences
• Hankel-total positivity of some sequences
• Unimodality of a refinement of Lassalle's sequence
• Stack-sorting, set partitions, and Lassalle's sequence

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