Zeta functions enumerating subforms of quadratic forms
In this present work the authors study zeta functions of lattices. They consider a \(\mathbb{Z}\)-lattice \(L = \mathbb{Z}e_1+\ldots +\mathbb{Z}e_n\) of rank \(n\) on a positive defninite quadratic space \(V\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\) equipped with quadratic form \(Q:V \rightarrow\mathbb{Q}\) and associated non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form \(B : V \times V\to Q\) with \(2B(x, y) = Q(x + y)- Q(x) -Q(y)\), to obtain the symmetric half integer (integer on diagonal) matrix \(S\) as the Gram matrix \(M_L = (B(e_i , e_j ))\) of \(L\) with respect to the basis \(\{e_1, \dots, e_n\}\). With the discriminant of \(L\), denoted by \(d_L\), the determinant of the Gram matrix \(M_L\) of \(L\). The quadratic form \(x^T M_L x\), corresponding to \(L\) is notated as \(Q_L(x)\).\N\NAdditionally the orthogonal group \(O(V)\), and the special orthogonal group \(O^+(V)\) of \(V\) are notated by\N\[\NO(V) = \{\sigma\in\mathrm{GL}(V) : B(\sigma x,\sigma y) = B(x, y), x, y \in V\}\N\]\Nand \(O^+(V) = O(V) \cap SL(V)\).\N\NFor a given \(\mathbb{Z}\)-lattice \(L\) on a quadratic space \(V\), for \(m \in \mathbb{N}\), \(\mathcal{L}_m\) represents the set of all \(\mathbb{Z}\)-sublattices of \(L\) of index \(m\) \N\[\N\mathcal{L}_m := \{K\subseteq L:|L:K| = m\},\N\]\Nwhere \(|L : K|\) denotes the cardinality of the \(\mathbb{Z}\)-module \(L/K\). Furthermore, \(a^+_m (L)\) counts the number of \(O^+(V)\)-inequivalent lattices in \(\mathcal{L}_m\), and \(a_m(L)\) the number of \(O(V)\)-inequivalent lattices in \(\mathcal{L}_m\).\N\NThe authors note that the orthogonal group \(O(V )\) acts on the set of \(\mathbb{Z}\)-lattices on \(V\), where two \(\mathbb{Z}\)-lattices \(L_1\) and \(L_2\) on \(V\) are said to be isometric if \(\sigma(L_1) = L_2\) for some \(\sigma \in O(V)\), and properly isometric if \(\sigma(L_1) = L_2\) for some \(\sigma \in O^+(V)\).\N\NWith the notation established, and \(s\in\mathbb{C}\), the authors define the zeta function of proper isometry classes of \(L\), \(\zeta_L^{\text{SL}}(s)\), and the zeta function of isometry classes of \(L\), \(\zeta_L^{\text{GL}}(s)\), as the Dirichlet series\N\[\N\zeta_L^{\text{SL}}(s)=\sum_{m=1}^\infty \frac{a^+_m (L)}{m^s}\quad \zeta_L^{\text{GL}}(s)=\sum_{m=1}^\infty \frac{a_m (L)}{m^s}.\N\]\NThey state that these Dirichlet series respectively enumerate the \(O^+(V)\)-equivalence and \(O(V)\)-equivalence classes of sublattices of finite index in \(L\).\N\NIn their main results the authors derive formulae of \(\zeta_L^{\text{SL}}(s)\) and \(\zeta_L^{\text{GL}}(s)\) for binary \(\mathbb{Z}\)-lattices \(L\), whose discriminant \(d_L\) satisfies that \(-4d_L\) is the discriminant of an imaginary quadratic field \(F\).
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