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The most substantial previous account is that in \\textit{T. L. Heath}'s 1913 edition [\\textit{Aristarchus} of Samos: the ancient \\textit{Copernicus}, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1913; JFM 44.0056.04)] which is still a useful resource. This lacuna has been effectively filled by the present paper which provides an analysis of the text, an account of its Arabic transmission, and an indication of its importance for understanding areas of mathematics beyond Euclid, its close contemporary. Aristarchus uses a combination of rigorous methods and approximative, and even contradictory, assumptions to lead to knowledge about astronomical objects. O. Neugebauer in 1975 [A history of ancient mathematical astronomy. In 3 parts. Berlin et al.: Springer (1975; Zbl 0323.01002)] studied mainly the astronomical aspects; the present paper looks more to the purely mathematical. Included are an analysis of the logical structure and a detailed analysis of Proposition 4.   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