Positive stationary solutions and spreading speed of KPP equations in locally spatially inhomogeneous media (Q693679): Difference between revisions

The authors are concerned with three types of diffusion equations. First \[ u_{t}\left( x\right) =\Delta u\left( t,x\right) +u\left( t,x\right) f_{1}\left( x,u\left( t,x\right) \right) ,x\in \mathbb{R}^{N} \] is widely used to model the population dynamics of many species in unbounded environments, where and \(f_{1}\left( x,u\right) \) represents the growth rate of the population, which satisfies that \(f_{1}\left( x,u\right) <0\) for \(u\gg 1\) and \(\partial _{u}f_{1}\left( x,u\right) <0\) for \(u\geq 0.\) In this case it is assumed that the underlying environment is not patchy, and the internal interaction of the organisms is random and local. In the case that the internal interaction is nonlocal, the following nonlocal dispersal equation is considered \[ u_{t}\left( x\right) =\int\nolimits_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}\mathcal{K}\left( y-x\right) u\left( t,y\right) dy-u\left( t,x\right) +u\left( t,x\right) f_{2}\left( x,u\left( t,x\right) \right) ,x\in \mathbb{R}^{N}, \] where \(\mathcal{K}\left( \cdot \right) \) is a smooth convolution kernel supported on a ball centered at the origin, \(\int\nolimits_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \mathcal{K}\left( z\right) dz=1\), and \(f_{2}\left( \cdot ,\cdot \right) \) is of the same property as \(f_{1}\). In patchy environments the following spatially discrete dispersal equations is used: \[ u_{t}\left( x\right) =\sum\limits_{k\in K}a_{k}\left( u\left( t,j+k\right) -u\left( t,j\right) \right) +u\left( t,j\right) f_{3}\left( j,u\left( t,j\right) \right) ,j\in \mathbb{Z}^{N} \] where \(K=\left\{ \left. k\in \mathbb{Z}^{N}\right| \left\| k\right\| =1\right\} ,a_{k}\left( k\in K\right) \) are positive constants and \(f_{3}\left( x,u\right) <0\) for \(u\gg 1\) and \(\partial _{u}f_{3}\left( x,u\right) <0\) for \(u\geq 0.\) The authors consider the case that the growth rates depend on the space variable, but only when it is in some bounded subset of the underlying media which reflects the localized inhomogeneity of the media. More precisely if \(\mathcal{H}_{1}=\mathcal{H} _{2}=\mathbb{R}^{N}\) and \(\mathcal{H}_{3}=\mathbb{Z}^{N}\) the author assumes the following: [\((H_{1})\)] \(f_{i}:\mathcal{H}_{i}\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a \(C^{2}\) function, \(f_{i}\left( x,u\right) <0\) for all \( \left( x,u\right) \in \mathcal{H}_{i}\times \mathbb{R}^{+}\) with \(u\geq \beta _{0}\) for some \(\beta _{0}>0,\) and \(\partial _{u}f_{i}\left( x,u\right) <0\) for all \(\left( x,u\right) \in \mathcal{H}_{i}\times \mathbb{R }^{+}\), where \(i=1,2,3\). [\((H_{2})\)] \(f_{i}\left( x,u\right) =f_{i}^{0}\left( u\right) \) for some \(C^{2}\) function \(f_{i}^{0}:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) and all \(\left( x,u\right) \in \mathcal{H}_{i}\times \mathbb{R}\) with \(\left\| x\right\| \geq L_{0}\) for some \(L_{0}>0\), and \( f_{i}^{0}>0\), where \(i=1,2,3\). The objective of the authors is to explore the spatial spreading dynamics with localized spatial inhomogeneity. The structure of the paper is the following: After an Introduction, in Section 2 the authors, introduce the standing notions to be used and the definition of spreading speeds. The main results (Theorem 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) of the paper are stated also in this section. In Section 3, they present some preliminary materials which are used in the later sections. Section 4 is devoted to the study of positive stationary solutions. Theorem 2.1 is proved in this section. In Section 5, the authors explore the existence of spreading speeds and prove Theorems 2.2 an 2.3.