Normal forms and unfoldings of linear systems in eigenspaces of (anti)-automorphisms of order two (Q1874489): Difference between revisions

Motivated by systems of linear ordinary differential equations possessing a Hamiltonian structure and/or some time-reversing symmetry the authors classify normal forms for linear maps in eigenspaces of (anti-)automorphisms of order two. It is shown that the normal form of a mapping \(L\) is determined by the semisimple part of \(L\) alone. Moreover, it is shown that versal unfoldings for these normal forms can be derived by a variant of the Arnold unfolding. Several tables with normal forms and with unfoldings up to codimension two are presented. The phenomenon of orbit splitting is discussed and it is shown that for any map \(L\) there may exist at most two inequivalent normal forms with a different unfolding. This is related to the passing and splitting of eigenvalues: When two eigenvalues come together along the real line they may either split into the complex plane or pass each other and remain real.