Functions of exponential growth in a half-plane, sets of uniqueness, and the Müntz-szász problem for the Bergman space (Q2411220): Difference between revisions

This paper deals with the Müntz-Szász problem for the Bergman space \(A^{2}(\Delta)\), where \(\Delta\) is the unit disc in the complex plane; that is the problem of characterizing the sequences~\(\{\lambda_{j}\}\) in the right half-plane~\(\mathcal{R}\) such that \(\{\zeta^{\lambda_{j}-1}\}\) is a complete set in~\(A^{2}(\Delta)\). As in the classical case this problem is transformed into characterizing the sets of uniqueness of an appropriate Hilbert space of holomorphic functions. In order to describe the main results consider first, for each function~\(f\in A^{2}(\Delta)\) and each \(\lambda\in\mathcal{R}\) the Mellin-Bergman transform \[ M_{\Delta}f(\lambda)=\frac{1}{\pi}\iint_{\Delta}f(\zeta) \zeta^{\overline{\lambda}-1}\,dA(\zeta), \] so that a set \(\{\zeta^{\overline{\lambda}_{j}-1}\}\) is complete in \(A_{2}(\Delta)\) if and only if \(f\in A^{2}(\Delta)\) and \(M_{\Delta}f(\lambda_{j})=0\), for all~\(j\), implies \(f\) vanishes identically. So the main task becomes to characterize the space~\(M_{\Delta}(A^{2}(\Delta))\) and study its sets of uniqueness. To this end one introduces a space of holomorphic functions on~\(\mathcal{R}\) named~\(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\). The space~\(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\) is formed by the holomorphic functions~\(f\) on~\(\mathcal{R}\) such that they belong to the Hardy space~\(H^{2}(S_{b})\) for every vertical strip \(S_{b}=\{z=x+iy:0<x<b\}\) and moreover \(f\in {L}^{2} (\overline{\mathcal{R}},d\omega)\) where \(d\omega\) is the measure given by \(d\omega=\sum\limits^{\infty}_{n=0}\frac{2^{n}}{n!}\delta_{\frac{n}{2}}(x)\otimes dy\). The space \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\) is a Hilbert space with reproducing kernel and with the unique inner product such that \[ \|f\|^{2}_{\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})}=\sum^{\infty}_{n=0}\frac{2^{n}}{n!}\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}|f(\tfrac{n}{2}+iy)|^{2}\,dy<+\infty. \] The reproducing kernel for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\) is given by \[ K(z,w)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\frac{\Gamma(z+\overline{w})}{2^{z+\overline{w}}}, \] where \(\Gamma\) is the standard gamma function, and a Paley-Wiener type theorem is true for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\). Introducing now the space \[ \mathcal{H} = \big\{g \in\text{Hol}(\mathcal{R}) : \tfrac{\Gamma (1+z)}{2^{z}}g(z) \in \mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega} (\mathcal{R})\big\} \] with norm \[ \|g\|^{2}_{\mathcal{H}}=\left\|\frac{\Gamma(1+z)}{2^{z}}g\right\|^{2}_{\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})}=\sum^{\infty}_{n=0}\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}|g(\tfrac{n}{2}+iy)|^{2}\frac{|\Gamma(\tfrac{n}{2}+1+iy)|^{2}}{\Gamma(n+1)}\,dy, \] one can formulate the main result as: \(\bullet\) The Mellin-Bergman transform \[ M_{\Delta}: A^{2}(\Delta)\to \mathcal{H} \] is a surjective isometry. The space~\(\mathcal{H}\) consists of holomorphic functions on~\(\mathcal{R}\) that are of exponential type at most~\(\pi/2\) and the polynomials are dense in~\(\mathcal{H}\). Moreover, it is a Hilbert space with reproducing kernel \[ H(z,w)=\frac{1}{2\pi} \frac{\Gamma (z+\overline{w})} {\Gamma(1+z)\Gamma(1+\overline{w})}. \] In other words \[ M_{\Delta}(A^{2}(\Delta))=\frac{2^{z}}{\Gamma (1+z)}\mathcal{M}_{\omega}^{2}(\mathcal{R})=:\mathcal{H} \] and it is clear that the sets of uniqueness of~\(\mathcal{H}\) and \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\) coincide, and the same holds for the zero-sets. One obtains that the zero-sets for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\) are also zero-sets for the functions of exponential type~\(\pi/2\) and that zero-sets for the functions of exponential type~\(\tau<\pi/2\) are zero-sets for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\). The reverse inclusions hold for the sets of uniqueness of the corresponding spaces. In order to determine both a necessary and a sufficient condition on a set~\(\{\lambda_{j}\}\) to be a set of uniqueness for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\), thus providing a condition for the solution of the Müntz-Szász problem for the Bergman space, let us recall that the exponent of convergence of a sequence~\(\{z_{j}\}\) is \(\rho_{1}=\inf \{\rho >0:\sum^{\infty}_{j=1}1/|z_{j}|^{\rho}<+\infty\}\). As well the upper density~\(d^{+}\) is defined as \[ d^{+}=\limsup_{r\to+\infty}\frac{n(r)}{r^{\rho_{1}}}, \] where \(n(r)=\#\{z_{j}:|z_{j}|\leq r\}\). Then one proves the following result: \(\bullet\) Let \(\{z_{j}\}\subseteq \mathcal{R}\), \(1\leq |z_{j}|\to +\infty\). The following properties hold: (i) If \(\{z_{j}\}\) has exponent of convergence~\(1\) and upper density~\(d^{+}<\frac{1}{2}\), then \(\{z_{j}\}\) is a zero-set for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\cap \text{Hol}(\overline{\mathcal{R}})\). (ii) If \(\{z_{j}\}\) is a zero-set for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\cap \text{Hol}(\overline{\mathcal{R}})\), then \[ \limsup_{R\to +\infty}\frac{1}{\log R}\sum_{|z_{j}|\leq R}\text{Re}(1/z_{j})\leq \frac{2}{\pi}. \] Finally if a sequence~\(\{z_{j}\}\) of points in~\(\mathcal{R}\) such that \(\text{Re\,}z_{j}\geq \varepsilon_{0}\), for some \(\varepsilon_{0}>0\), violates the condition in~(ii) of the previous result, then it is a set of uniqueness for \(\mathcal{M}^{2}_{\omega}(\mathcal{R})\), and as a consequence the set of powers~\(\{\zeta^{z_{j}-1}\}\) is a complete set in~\(A^{2}(\Delta)\).