On topologies generated by lower porosity (Q2082067): Difference between revisions

The authors introduce and study two topologies generated by the lower porosity in a normed space \((X, \Vert\cdot \Vert)\). Recall the basic notions. For \(A\subset X\), \(x\in X\), and \(R>0\) let \(\gamma(x,R,A)\) be the supremum of the set of all \(\rho>0\) for which there exists an open ball \(B(y,\rho)\subset B(x,R)\setminus A\). Then, the number \[p(A,x)=2\limsup_{R\to 0}\gamma(x,R, A)\] is called the \textit{porosity} of \(A\) at \(x\). Similarly, the number \[\underline{p}(A,x)=2\liminf_{R\to 0}\gamma(x,R, A)\] is called the \textit{lower porosity} of \(A\) at \(x\). A set \(A\) is: \begin{itemize} \item \textit{porous} at \(x\) if \(p(A,x)>0\); \item \textit{strongly porous} at \(x\) if \({p}(A,x)=1\) \item \textit{superporous} at \(x\) if \(A\cup B\) is porous at \(x\) whenever \(B\) is porous at \(x\). \item \textit{strongly superporous} at \(x\) if \(A\cup B\) is porous at \(x\) whenever \(B\) is strongly porous at \(x\). \item \textit{lower porous} at \(x\) if \(\underline{p}(A,x)>0\); \item \textit{lower strongly porous} at \(x\) if \(\underline{p}(A,x)=1\) \item \textit{lower superporous} at \(x\) if \(A\cup B\) is porous at \(x\) whenever \(B\) is lower porous at \(x\). \item \textit{lower strongly superporous} at \(x\) if \(A\cup B\) is porous at \(x\) whenever \(B\) is lower strongly porous at \(x\). \item \textit{\(p\)-open} if \(X\setminus A\) is superporous at any point \(X\in A\); \item \textit{\(s\)-open} if \(X\setminus A\) is strongly superporous at any point \(X\in A\); \item \textit{\(p\)-lower open} if \(X\setminus A\) is lower superporous at any point \(X\in A\); \item \textit{\(s\)-lower open} if \(X\setminus A\) is lower strongly superporous at any point \(X\in A\). \end{itemize} It is known that the family of all \(p\)-open sets forms a topology which is called the \textit{\(p\)-topology}, or the porosity topology, see \textit{L. Zajíček} [Real Anal. Exch. 12, 313--326 (1987; Zbl 0641.26004)]. Similarly, the family of all \(s\)-open sets forms a topology which is called the \textit{\(s\)-topology}, or the strong porosity topology, see \textit{V. Kelar} [ibid. 16, No. 1, 255--267 (1991; Zbl 0725.54023)]. The aim of the paper under review is to describe the properties of the topologies \(\underline{s}\) and \(\underline{p}\) on \(X\), which are generated by lower porosity in a similar way as the \(s\) topology and the \(p\) topology are generated by porosity. The authors study relationships between the topologies \(p\), \(s\), \(\underline{p}\), \(\underline{s}\) and \(\tau\), where \(\tau\) denotes the topology on \(X\) generated by the norm \(\Vert\cdot\Vert\). In the last section authors define \textit{lower porouscontinuous functions}, following ideas from \textit{J. Borsík} and \textit{J. Holos} [Math. Slovaca 64, No. 3, 741--750 (2014; Zbl 1340.54028)], and characterize the \textit{maximal additive class} for the family of such functions.