Forwards dynamics of non-autonomous dynamical systems: driving semigroups without backwards uniqueness and structure of the attractor (Q2175700): Difference between revisions

This paper is devoted to the study of the asymptotic behavior of solutions of nonautonomous differential equations on the Banach space \(E\): \[ x'=f(t,x)\ (x\in E)\tag{1} \] for which the vector field \(f(t,x)\) is only defined for non-negative times \(t\in \mathbb R_{+}\). Along with equation (1) the authors consider the family of equations (\(H\)-class) \[ y'=g(t,y)\quad (g\in H^{+}(f)),\tag{2} \] where \(H^{+}(f)\) is the closure of the family of all translations \(\{f_{\tau}:\ \tau\in \mathbb R_{+}\}\) and \(f_{\tau}(t,x):=f(t+\tau,x)\). In the space \(Y:=H^{+}(f)\) it is defined a semigroup of translations \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) (shift dynamical system or Bebutov's dynamical system). It is supposed that the dynamical system \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) admits a compact global attractor \(J_{Y}\) (\(J_{Y}\) is a maximal compact invariant set of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\)). If the function \(f\) is regular then for every \(g\in H^{+}(f)\) and \(u\in E\) equation (2) admits a unique solution \(\varphi(t,u,g)\) defined on \(\mathbb R_{+}\). Thus equation (1) defines a cocycle \(\langle E,\varphi,(Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\rangle\) and the skew-product dynamical system \((X,\mathbb R_{+},\pi)\), where \(X:=E\times Y\) and \(\pi:=(\varphi,\sigma)\). If it exists, the compact global attractor \(J_{X}\) of this skew product dynamical system \((X,\mathbb R_{+},\pi)\) can be considered as an attractor of the original nonautonomous system (1). It has the form \[ J_{X} =\bigcup_{y\in J_{Y}} I_{y}\times \{y\} \] and the sections \(I_{y}\) are nonempty compact subsets of \(E\) which are invariant under the cocycle \(\varphi\), i.e., \(\varphi (t, I_{y}, y) = I_{\sigma(t,y)}\) for any \(y\in J_{Y}\) and \(t\in \mathbb R_{+}\). Moreover, the family \(\mathbf{I} = \{I_{y} :\ y\in Y\}\) pullback attracting and is called a pullback attractor. Note that \((J_{Y},\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) is a semigroup dynamical system induced by \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\), where \(J_{Y}\) is a compact and invariant set of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\) and, consequently, from every point \(y\in J_{Y}\) passes at least one entire trajectory of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\). Using this fact the authors consider extensions of equation (1) along trajectories of \((Y,\mathbb R_{+},\sigma)\). They establish the relation between the compact global attractor \(J_{X}\) of the skew-product dynamical system generated by (1) and the pullback attractors of the extended equations.