A Banach space with a countable infinite number of complex structures (Q2253148): Difference between revisions

We say that a real Banach space \(X\) admits a complex structure if there exists a bounded linear operator \(I\colon X\to X\) such that \(I^2\) is the minus identity on \(X\). If such an operator exists, then we define the complex scalar multiplication by \[ (\lambda+\mathrm{i}\mu)x=\lambda x+\mu I(x) \] and a new equivalent norm by \[ \|x\|_{I}=\sup\Big\{\|\cos\theta x+\sin\theta I(x)\|\colon\, 0\leq\theta\leq 2\pi\Big\}. \] This makes \(X\) a complex Banach space which is denoted by \(X^I\). There are many examples of Banach spaces without complex structures. On the other hand, spaces with exactly \(n+1\), where \(n\) is a positive integer, and with continuum many non-isomorphic complex structures were constructed. In view of these results, the question about the existence of a Banach space with exactly \(\omega\) or \(\omega_1\) such structures arises naturally. In the present paper, the author gives a construction of a Banach space \(\mathfrak{X}_{\omega_1}(\mathbb{C})\) with exactly \(\omega_1\) non-isomorphic complex structures. An interesting property of this space is that its real hyperplanes do not admit complex structures. The existence of separable and reflexive Banach spaces which have exactly \(\omega\) non-isomorphic complex structures is also shown. The constructions are based on the paper of \textit{S. A. Argyros} et al. [J. Funct. Anal. 222, No. 2, 306--384 (2005; Zbl 1086.46005)]. Since the space \(\mathfrak{X}_{\omega_1}(\mathbb{C})\) is non-separable, one may ask whether there exists a separable Banach space with exactly \(\omega_1\) non-isomorphic complex structures. This question, inter alia, is posed in the last section of the paper.