Differential equations for septic theta functions (Q746400): Difference between revisions

The following septic theta functions for the first time were studied by \textit{F. Klein} in his 1879 work [Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. 35, 287--331 (1999; Zbl 0972.14022)] \[ \begin{aligned} & a(q) = -\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}(-1)^n{} q^{(((14n+5)^2)/(56))},\\ & b(q) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}(-1)^nq^{(((14n+3)^2)/(56))},\\ & c(q) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}(-1)^n q^{(((14n+1)^2)/(56))}.\end{aligned} \] Here \(|q|<1\) Later on they were studied independently by Ramanujan from completely different point of views and motivations [\textit{S. Ramanujan}, Notebooks of Srinivasa Ramanujan. Vols. 1, 2. Bombay: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (1957; Zbl 0138.24201)]. Both Klein and Ramanujan obtained identities between these theta functions equivalent to the following Klein's quartic relation \[ a^3(q)b(q)+b^3(q)b(q)+c^3(q)b(q)=0. \] These theta functions are connected to Ramanujan's seven-order mock theta functions [\textit{A. Selberg}, Arch. Math. Naturvid. 41, No. 9, 15 p. (1938; JFM 64.1091.03)]. Ramanujan in his famous proof of the coupled differential system for the normalized Eisenstein series on the full modular group, formulated two identities involving the classical Weierstrass zeta function [\textit{S. Ramanujan}, On certain arithmetical functions. Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 22, No. 9, 159--184 (1916; Zbl 07426016). In: Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan, pp. 136--162. AMS Chelsea, Providence, RI (2000; Zbl 1110.11001)]. The authors of the paper under review use this approach of Ramanujan to formulate a new coupled system of differential equations for these theta functions. They show that Klein's quartic relation induces new symmetric representations for low weight Eisenstein series in terms of weight one modular forms of level seven.