Finite perturbations of orthogonal polynomials (Q1208560): Difference between revisions

Monic orthogonal polynomials on the real line with respect to a positive measure satisfy a three-term recurrence relation \[ p_{n+1}(x)= (x- \alpha_{n+1})p_ n(x)- \lambda_{n+1} p_{n-1}(x). \] This notion can be extended by taking a linear functional \(L\) on the set of polynomials. Orthogonal polynomials then are given by the condition \(L(x^ j p_{n_ i})=0\) for \(j=0,1,n_{i+1}-2\) and \(L(x^{i_{n+1}-1} p_{n_ i})\neq 0\), in which case \(n_ i\) is the degree of \(p_{n_ i}\), and these polynomials satisfy the recurrence \[ p_{n_{i+1}}(x)= d_{n_{i+1}} p_{n_ i}(x)- \lambda_{n_{i+1}}p_{n_{i- 1}}(x), \] where \(d_{n_{i+1}}(x)\) is a polynomial of degree \(n_{i+1}-n_ i\). When \(n_ i=i\) then \(L\) is quasi-definite, and in the positive-definite case we are back to the classical situation. The functional \(L\) is completely determined by it moments \(L(x^ i)=m_ i\) and its moment generating function \[ Q_ 0(z)= \sum_{j=0}^ \infty m_ j z^{-(j+1)}, \] which is assumed to be analytic at \(\infty\), with \(Q_ 0(\infty)=0\). This paper is a study of a fractional perturbation of \(Q_ 0\) in the sense that orthogonal polynomials are studied with respect to \[ Q(z)={A(z) Q_ 0(z)- B(z)\over C(z) Q_ 0(z)- D(z)}, \] where \(A\), \(B\), \(C\), \(D\) are polynomials with \(AD-BC\) constant. This study covers the situation of orthogonal polynomials where a finite number of recurrence coefficients are changed (finite perturbation) and the recurrence coefficients are shifted. The paper uses associated polynomials extensively and a section is included where properties of these associated polynomials are given, most of which appear for the first time in the given extension. The results are quite general and in particular generalize the existing results on co-recursive and co-modified orthogonal polynomials.