The simplification of singularities of Lagrangian and Legendrian fronts (Q1989466): Difference between revisions

If \(g:L\to B\) is any map between smooth manifolds with \(\dim(L)\leq\dim(B)\), then a point \(q\in L\) is called a singularity of the map \(g\) if the differential \(dg:T_qL\to T_{g(q)}B\) is not injective and the subset of \(L\) consisting of singular points is denoted by \(\Sigma(g)\). If \(\pi:M\to B\) is a fibration of smooth manifolds and \(f:L\to M\) is a smooth embedding, then the singularities of the composition \(g=\pi\circ f:L\to B\) are precisely the singularities of tangency of the submanifold \(f(L)\subset M\) with respect to the foliation \({\mathcal{F}}\) of \(M\) given by the fibres \({\mathcal{F}_b}=\pi^{-1}(b)\), \(b\in B\). A singularity of tangency of an embedding \(f:L\to M\) with respect to a foliation \({\mathcal{F}}\) of \(M\) is a point \(q\in L\) such that \(df(T_qL)\cap T_{f(q)}{\mathcal{F}}\neq 0\). The subset of \(L\) consisting of singular points is denoted by \(\Sigma(f,{\mathcal{F}})\). The Lagrangian Grassmannian of a symplectic manifold \((M^{2n},\omega)\) is a fiber bundle \(\Pi:\Lambda(M)\to M\) whose fiber \(\Pi^{-1}(x)\) over \(x\in M\) consists of all linear Lagrangian subspaces of the symplectic vector space \((T_xM,\omega_x)\). Each Lagrangian embedding \(f:L\to M\) has its Gauss map \(G(df):L\to\Lambda(M)\) given by \(G(df)(q)=df(T_qL)\subset T_{f(q)}M\). Similarly, for a contact manifold \((M^{2n+1},\xi)\), where \(\xi=\ker(\alpha)\) for some 1-form \(\alpha\) such that \(d\alpha\) is non-degenerate on \(\xi\), the Lagrangian Grassmannian is a fiber bundle \(\Pi:\Lambda(M)\to M\) whose fiber \(\Pi^{-1}(x)\) over \(x\in M\) consists of all linear Lagrangian subspaces of the contact vector space \((\xi_x,d\alpha_x)\). Each Lagrangian embedding \(f:L\to M\) has its Gauss map \(G(df):L\to\Lambda(M)\) given by \(G(df)(q)=df(T_qL)\subset\xi_{f(q)}\). A tangential rotation of a Lagrangian or Legendrian embedding \(f:L\to M\) is a compactly supported deformation \(G_t:L\to\Lambda(M)\), \(t\in[0,1]\), of \(G_0=G(df)\) such that \(\Pi\circ G_t=f\). A map \(G:L\to\Lambda(M)\) is called \(\Sigma^k\)-nonsingular with respect to the foliation \({\mathcal{F}}\) if \(\dim(G(q)\cap T_{g(q)}{\mathcal{F}}< k \) for all \(q\in L\), where \(g=\Pi\circ G\). When \(k=1\) then it said that \(G\) is nonsingular, or transverse to \({\mathcal{F}}\). If, for a Lagrangian or Legendrian embedding \(f:L\to M\), where \(M=J^1(E,\mathbb R)\) is the 1-jet space, \(E\) any \(n\)-dimensional manifold, \(B=J^0(E,\mathbb R)\), and \(\pi:J^1(E,\mathbb R)\to J^0(E,\mathbb R)\) is the front projection, that is, \(J^1(E,\mathbb R)=T^*E\times\mathbb R\), \(J^0(E,\mathbb R)=E\times\mathbb R\), and the front projection \(T^*E\times\mathbb R\to E\times\mathbb R\) is the product of the cotangent bundle projection \(T^*E\to E\) and the identity map \(\mathbb R\to\mathbb R\), then the composition \(p\circ f\) is called the Lagrangian or Legendrian front associated to \(f\), where \({\mathcal{F}}\) is induced by a Lagrangian or Legendrian fibration \(p:M\to B\) so that the singularities of tangency \(\Sigma(f,{\mathcal{F}})=\{q\in L:\;df_q(T_qL)\cap T){f(q)}{\mathcal{F}}\neq 0\}\) coincide with the singularity locus \(\Sigma(p\circ f)=\{q\in L:\;\ker(d(p\circ f)_ q)\neq 0\}\) of the smooth map \(p\circ f:L\to B\). The basic idea of the \(h\)-principle is that any differential equation, or relation, can be interpreted as a subset \(S\) of an appropriate jet space and a solution is simply an appropriate function whose jet lies in \(S\). In this paper, the author establishes a full \(h\)-principle, \(C^0\)-close, relative, and parametric, for the simplification of singularities of Lagrangian and Legendrian fronts, and shows that if there is no homotopy theoretic obstruction to simplifying the singularities of tangency of a Lagrangian or Legendrian submanifold with respect to an ambient foliation by Lagrangian or Legendrian leaves, then the simplification can be achieved by means of a Hamiltonian isotopy. More precisely, he proves that if \(M\) is a symplectic or contact manifold equipped with a foliation \({\mathcal{F}}\) by Lagrangian or Legendrian leaves, if the singularities of a Lagrangian or Legendrian embedding are its singularities of tangency with respect to \({\mathcal{F}}\), and if there exists a tangential rotation \(G_t:L\to \Lambda(M)\) of a Lagrangian or Legendrian embedding \(f:L\to M\) such that \(G_1\) is nonsingular to \({\mathcal{F}}\), then there exists a compactly supported Hamiltonian isotopy \(\varphi_t:M\to M\) such that the singularities of \(\varphi_1\circ f\) consist of a union of nested double folds. Also, it is shown that if there exists a tangential rotation \(G_t:L\to \Lambda(M)\) of a Lagrangian or Legendrian embedding \(f:L\to M\) such that \(G\) is \(\Sigma^2\)-nonsingular with respect to \({\mathcal{F}}\), then there exists a compactly supported Hamiltonian isotopy \(\varphi_t:M\to M\) such that \(\varphi_1\circ f\) is \(\Sigma^2\)-nonsingular.