\(\mathbb Z_2 \times \mathbb Z_2\) lattice as a Connes-Lott-quantum group model (Q1611769): Difference between revisions

Dirac operator and Yang-Mills action of the discrete space \(\mathbb{Z}_2\times \mathbb{Z}_2\) are investigated by means of Connes-Lott and quantum group. It is shown that Higgs potentials and spontaneous breaking of symmetry appear naturally in this model. Let \({\mathcal A}= \mathbb{C}[\mathbb{Z}_2\times \mathbb{Z}_2]\) be the star algebra of functions on \(\mathbb{Z}_2\times \mathbb{Z}_2\). Let \(x,y= 0, 1\text{ mod }2\) and define \((R_x f)(x,y)= f(x+1, y)\), \(\partial_x= R_x- 1\), etc., and let \({\mathcal H}= {\mathcal A}\otimes \mathbb{C}^2\) be the Hilbert space of spinors, with the faithful representation \(\rho\) of \({\mathcal A}\) on \({\mathcal H}\) by pointwise multiplication. Then the lattice Dirac operator is defined by \[ \partial /= \partial_x\otimes \gamma^x+\partial_y\otimes \gamma^y, \] where \(\gamma^x\), etc. are Pauli matrices. There are two ways to define differential forms of a noncommutative space. In Section 2, according to Connes-Lott, de Rham's exterior algebra \(\Omega_{\partial /}({\mathcal A})\) of differential forms are defined as the quotient of the algebra generated by \(a\in{\mathcal A}\) and \(da\). \(\Omega^1_{\partial /}({\mathcal A})\) is spanned over \({\mathcal A}\) by \(\omega_x= R_x\otimes \gamma^x\), \(\omega_y- R_y\otimes \gamma^y\). The gauge potential on the lattice is \[ \begin{aligned} H= \rho(h_x)\omega_x+ \rho(h_y) \omega_y,\;h_x= 0,0) &= h_x(1,0)^*,\;h_x(1,1)= h_x(0, 1)^*,\\ h_y(0,0) &= h_y(0, 1)^*,\;h_y(1,1)= h_y(1,0)^*.\end{aligned} \] Its gauge group is \(U({\mathcal A})= \{u\in{\mathcal A}\mid uu^*= u^* u\}={\mathcal G}\). Introducing a new variable \(\phi= H+ \omega_x+ \omega_y\), the Yang-Mills action of this potential is precisely computed and it is concluded, that the little group of its minimum \(H= 0\) is the group of rigid \(U(1)\) transformations as in the continuous case. However, unlike in the continuous case, there is a gauge invariant point \(\phi= 0\) which is a local maximum of the action. The authors say in this model, \(H\) plays simultaneously the role of the gauge potential and a Higgs scalar. The minima of the action and their little groups are also computed in Section 2. In Section 3, differential forms of a lattice are studied from the quantum group argument. A differential calculus from the quantum group point of view means any \({\mathcal A}-{\mathcal A}\) bimodule \(\Omega^1({\mathcal A})\) and a map \(d:{\mathcal A}\to \Omega^1({\mathcal A})\) obeying the Leibniz rule. For the case of \({\mathcal A}= \mathbb{C}(G)\), \(G\) a finite group, the possible bicovariant calculi are in correpondence with subsets \({\mathcal C}\subset G\), \(e\not\in{\mathcal C}\). Taking \({\mathcal C}= \{x,y\}\), \(x= (1,0)\), \(y= (0,1)\), the differential forms defined in Section 2 are recovered from the Connes' approach of quantum group construction. The authors remark that Woronowicz's approach provides somewhat different differential forms in higher degrees. Because the Connes-Lott approach allows the relation \(e^2_x= e^2_y\) for the generators of \(1\)-forms, while Woronowicz's approach allows only the relation \(e^2_x= 0\). The quantum group approach allows more precise study on exterior forms and the quantum de Rham cohomology is computed to be \[ H^0= \mathbb{C}\cdot 1,\quad H^1= \mathbb{C}\cdot (e_x- e_y),\quad H^p= \{0\},\quad p\geq 2, \] (Proposition 3.2). The moduli space of zero curvature gauge fields is also computed to be the circle \(\lambda^2+ \mu^2=2\) modulo \(\lambda\mapsto -\lambda\) or \(\mu\mapsto-\mu\) (Proposition 3.3). Then the Hodge \(*\) operator is defined and the gauge field action is defined similarly for the continuous case. Considering \({\mathcal A}_t={\mathcal F}\otimes{\mathcal A}\), \({\mathcal F}\) is the algebra of functions over four-dimensional space-time \(M\) and \({\mathcal H}_t={\mathcal S}\otimes{\mathcal H}\), \({\mathcal S}\) is the Hilbert space of square integrable spinors on \(M\), physical interpretations of discussions from above are investigated in Section 4 and 5. In Section 6, the last section, the extension of the results in Section 2 and 3 to \(G= (\mathbb{Z}_m)^n\), is discussed and it is shown, that for \(m= 2\), the previous results hold, but if \(m\geq 3\) all of the interesting features such as the Higgs potential and spontaneous symmetry breaking do not occur, beause if \(m\geq 3\), only the relation \(e^2_i= 0\) is allowed for the generators of \(1\)-forms.