On two functional equations with involution on groups related to sine and cosine functions (Q499641): Difference between revisions

Consider the group \((G,\cdot)\). The center of the group \((G,\cdot)\) is the set of elements \(c\in G\) that commute with every other element in \(G:(\forall x\in G)(x\cdot c= c\cdot x)\). Denote by \(Z(G)\) the center of \((G,\cdot)\). A function \(\sigma:G\to\mathbb C\) is named an involution of \(\sigma\) is an antihomomorphism and \((\forall x\in G)(\sigma(\sigma(x))= x)\). The authors determine the general solutions of Van Vleck's equation with involution \[ (\forall(x,y)\in G^2)(f(x\cdot\sigma(y)\cdot z_0)- f(x\cdot y\cdot z_0)= 2f(x) f(y))\tag{1} \] and Kannappan's equation with involution \[ (\forall(x,y)\in G^2)(f(x\cdot\sigma(y)\cdot z_0)+ f(x\cdot y\cdot z_0)= 2f(x) f(y))\tag{2} \] for some fixed element \(z_0\in Z(G)\). The authors prove the following main results: Theorem 1. If \(f:G\to\mathbb C\) satisfies the functional equation (1), then either \(f\equiv 0\) or \(f\) is given by \[ (\forall x\in G)(f(x)= g(x\cdot z^{-1}_0) f(z_0),\tag{3} \] where \(g: G\to\mathbb C\) is a nonzero solution of the cosine functional equation with involution \[ (\forall(x,y)\in G^2)(g(x\cdot\sigma(y))+ g(x\cdot y)= 2g(x) g(y)).\tag{4} \] Theorem 2. If \(f:G\to\mathbb C\) satisfies the functional equation (2), then either \(f\equiv 0\) or \(f\) is given by (3), where \(g:G\to\mathbb C\) is a nonzero solution of the cosine functional equation with involution (4).