Symplectic 4-manifolds with Kodaira dimension zero (Q2434081): Difference between revisions

It is conjectured that for a closed minimal symplectic 4-manifold with Kodaira dimension zero the Betti numbers satisfy \(b^+\leq 3\), \(b^-\leq 19\) and \(b_1\leq 4\). In this paper, improving the definition of Kodaira dimension, if \(b^1\leq 4\), this conjecture is shown to be valid (Theorem 1.2). More precisely, the following is proved: Let \(M\) be a minimal symplectic 4-manifold with Kodaira dimension zero. If \(b_1\leq 4\), then \(b^+\leq 3\), \(b^-\leq 19\) and the signature is \(\sigma=0\), \(-8\) or \(-16\). Moreover, the real homology group, the intersection form, and the spin type of \(M\) are the same as that of a Kähler surface with Kodaira dimension zero or an oriented \(T^2\)-bundle over \(T^2\) (Theorem 6.11). The author remarks that the conjecture is proved in his preprint [\textit{T. J. Li}, Betti numbers of symplectic 4-manifolds with Kodaira dimension zero (2005)]. Since \(2\chi+3\sigma=0\), \(\chi\) is the Euler number, if the Kodaira dimension is zero (Prop. 6.3). Theorem 1.2 follows from Rokhlin's congruence on the signature if \(b^+\leq b_1+1\). If \(b^+\geq b_1+2\), by using the Bauer-Furuta stable cohomology refinement of the Seiberg-Witten invariant [\textit{S. Bauer} and \textit{M. Furuta}, Invent. Math. 155, No. 1, 1--19 (2004; Zbl 1050.57024), hereafter refered to as [1]]. A vanishing result on Seiberg-Witten invariants is derived. Then, comparing this result and Taubes' non-vanishing result [\textit{C. H. Taubes}, Math. Res. Lett. 1, 809--822 (1994; Zbl 0853.57019)], Theorem 1.2 is proved. The outline of the paper is as follows: In \S 2, after reviewing definition and properties of a symplectic minimal model of a closed symplectic 4-manifold \((M, \omega)\) (Prop. 2.1), the Kodaira dimension of a symplectic minimal model is defined as follows; \[ \kappa(M, \omega) =\begin{cases} -\infty & \text{if }K_\omega\cdot[\omega]<0\text{ or }K_\omega\cdot K_\omega <0,\\ 0 &\text{if }K_\omega\cdot[\omega]=0\text{ and } K_\omega\cdot K_\omega=0,\\ 1 &\text{if }K_\omega\cdot [\omega]>0\text{ and }K_\omega\cdot K_\omega=0,\\ 2 &\text{if }K_\omega\cdot[\omega]>0\text{ and }K_\omega\cdot K_\omega>0. \end{cases} \] Here \(K_\omega\) is the symplectic canonical class. Previous definitions of the symplectic Kodaira dimension did not take into account the sign of \(K_\omega\cdot K_\omega\) [cf. \textit{R. E. Gompf} and \textit{A. I. Stipsicz}, ``4-manifolds and Kirby calculus'', Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1999; Zbl 0933.57020)]. But since there are symplectic forms \(\omega\) with \(K_\omega\cdot [\omega]\) nonnegative, for any minimal ruled surface with negative \(K_\omega \cdot K_\omega\), this modification is necessary. By this modification, the Kodaira dimension is well defined and depends only on the oriented diffeomorphism type (Th. 2.4). It is also shown that \(K_\omega\) is a torsion class if \(\kappa(M, \omega)=0\) (Lemma 2.5). In \S3, known results on closed symplectic manifolds with torsion canonical class are summarized. The author speculates that the moduli space of symplectic structures might be \({\mathcal P}/D (M)\), where \({\mathcal P}\) is the cone of real classes with positive square and \(D(M)\) is the image of \(\text{Diff}(M)\) in the automorphism group of the cohomology lattice. In \S 4, first following Chapter 3 of the preprint of M. Furuta, Y. Kametani, H. Matsue and N. Minami: ``Stable-homotopy Seiberg Witten invariants and Pin bordism'', quaternionic vector bundle (a complex bundle with a the notion of structure \(\iota_Q)\) over a space with involution is introduced and the associated Pin(2)-symmetry is discussed. Then, the correspondence between certain Fredholm maps and elements in certain stable cohomotopy groups following [1] and \textit{S. Bauer} [Refined Seiberg-Witten invariants, Different faces of geometry, New York, 1--46 (2004; Zbl 1083.57039)] is established. The Pin(2)-equivariant Seiberg-Witten equations are written down in \S5. The Bauer-Furuta refinement of the Seiberg-Witten invariant is introduced as a stable cohomotopy class. It describes how to derive the Mod 2 Seiberg-Witten invariant from it (Prop. 5.2 in \S6, this Prop. is referred as to Prop. 5.4). Then, after reviewing Taubes' non-vanishing results on Seiberg-Witten invariants and some general properties of symplectic 4-manifolds with torsion canonical class (Theorem 6.2, Prop. 6.3), bounds of Betti numbers and other properties of closed minimal symplectic 4-manifolds with the Kodaira dimension zero and \(b^1\leq 4\) are derived by using these results. The paper is concluded showing the following results on the structure of a minimal symplectic 4-manifold with Kodaira dimension zero (Prop. 6.15); 1. If \(H_1(M;\mathbb{Z}) =0\), then \(M\) is an integral homology \(K3\) surface. If \(M\) is simply connected, then \(M\) is homeomorphic to the \(K3\) surface. 2. If \(\pi_1(M)\) is finite but nonrivial, then \(M\) is homeomorphic to the Enriques surface. 3. If \(b_1=4\), then \(H^* (M;R)\) is generated by \(H^1(M;R)\), and hence isomorphic to \(H^*(T^4;R)\) as a ring.