Normal forms for semilinear quantum harmonic oscillators (Q1048113): Difference between revisions

The paper under review deals with the Cauchy problem for the semilinear harmonic oscillator equation \[ i \partial_t \psi = (-\Delta +|x|^2 +M)\psi + \partial_2 g(\psi,\bar{\psi}), \quad x \in\mathbb R^d, \;t\in\mathbb R, \] with initial data \(\psi|_{t=0} =\psi_0\), where \(g\) is a smooth function of two variables, globally of order \(p\geq 3\), whose partial derivative with respect to the second variable is denoted by \(\partial_2 g\). To sum up the core of the content let us observe below only the case \(d=1\), though the results also for \(d>1\) being obtained similar but slightly different. \(M\) is a Hermite multiplier, which is the operator given by \(M\phi_j = m_j\phi_j\), where \((\phi_j)_{j \in\mathbb N}\) is the Hermite basis associated with the harmonic oscillator \(-\Delta +|x|^2\), and, with any fixed \(k \geq 1\), \((m_j)_{j \in\mathbb N}\) is a bounded sequence of real numbers satisfying that \(m_j j^k \in [-1/2, 1/2]\) for each \(j\). Let \({\mathcal W}_k\) be the set of all such sequences \((m_j)_{j \in\mathbb N}\), endowed with the probability product measure. Then by the local existence theory we can assert that if \(\psi_0\) is in the weighted Sobolev space \(\widetilde{H}^s := \{f\in H^s(\mathbb R^d,\mathbb C)\); \(x^\alpha\partial_x^\beta f\in L^2(\mathbb R^d)\), for all \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) with \(0\leq|\alpha +|\beta|\leq s \}\) and small, say, with norm \(\|\psi_0\|_{\widetilde{H}^s} \leq \varepsilon\), the Cauchy problem has a unique solution \(\psi\) in \(\widetilde{H}^s\) on an interval of length \(O(\varepsilon^{-p+2})\) with \(0\) at its center. Then the authors of this paper make the Birkhoff normal form approach to deepen the above interim assertion, first by proving a theorem in its infinite-dimensional context, and next by obtaining, as its dynamical consequence, the main result: The Cauchy problem above has an almost time-global solution, namely, that for a.e. \(M = (m_j)_{j \in\mathbb N}\in {\mathcal W}_k\), if \(s\) is sufficiently large and \(\varepsilon\) sufficiently small, the solution \(\psi\) can be extended over a larger integral \((-T_\varepsilon, T_\varepsilon)\) of length \(T_\varepsilon= O(\varepsilon^{-r})\), further satisfying that \(\|\psi(t)\|_{\widetilde{H}^s} \leq 2\varepsilon\) uniformly on this \(t\)-interval, where \(r \geq 1\) is an integer arbitrarily fixed from the principle. Such a result about long time stability of solutions for the PDEs can be, in particular, physically significant, if the time-global existence is not known for them, so long as \(O(\varepsilon^{-r})\) is greater than the age of the iniverse. It is noted that the role of \(M\) is to remove the resonances between the free modes, and the fully resonant case \(M=0\) is beyond the scope of this paper. The Birkhoff normal form theory in infinite dimension was developed by \textit{J. Bourgain} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 6, No.~2, 201--230 (1996; Zbl 0872.35007)], \textit{D. Bambusi} [Commun. Math. Phys. 234, No.~2, 253--285 (2003; Zbl 1032.37051)], \textit{D. Bambusi} and \textit{B. Grébert} [Duke Math. J. 135, No.~3, 507--567 (2006; Zbl 1110.37057)] for semilinear PDEs on the 1-dimensional torus and by \textit{D. Bambusi, J.-M. Delort, B. Grébert} and \textit{J. Szeftel} [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 60, No.~11, 1665--1690 (2007; Zbl 1170.35481)] for the semilinear Klein-Gordon equation on the sphere \(S^d\) (or a Zoll manifold). All these cases treated compact domains. A difference is that the paper under review treats the domain \({\mathbb R}^d\), however, the potential \(|x|^2\) of the free harmonic oscillator helps its spectrum consist of discrete eigenvalues, though its free modes are not so well localized. On the related subject, there is a very nice instructive survey, published a few years before, by the first author [\textit{B. Grébert}, in: Proceedings of the CIMPA school, Lanzhou, China, July 2004. Paris: Société Mathématique de France. Séminaires et Congrès 15, 1--46 (2007; Zbl 1157.37019)].