\(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizability of products and \(\tau\)-fine topological groups (Q2029614): Difference between revisions

The main purpose of this paper is to study \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizability and \(\tau\)-fineness in topological groups, where \(\mathcal{M}\) is the class of metrizable topological groups. \par A Hausdorff topological group \(G\) is called \textit{\(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable} if for every continuous real-valued function \(f\) on \(G\), there exist a continuous homomorphism \(\pi:G\to M\) onto a topological group \(M\in\mathcal{M}\) and a continuous real-valued function \(g\) on \(M\) such that \(f=g\circ\pi\). Clearly, all metrizable topological groups are \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable and the class of \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable topological groups is a proper subclass of \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological groups. In fact, it was proved in [\textit{H. Zhang} et al., Topology Appl. 274, Article ID 107126, 13 p. (2020; Zbl 1440.22003)] that an \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group \(G\) is \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable if and only if \(G\) is \(\omega\)-narrow, and hence every uncountable discrete group is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, but not \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable. \par Let \(\tau>\omega\) be cardinal. A topological group \(G\) is \textit{\(\tau\)-fine} if for every family \(\{U_{\alpha}:\alpha\in\tau\}\) of open neighborhoods of the identity \(e\) in \(G\), there exists a countable family \(\{V_n:n\in\omega\}\) of neighborhoods of \(e\) in \(G\) such that each \(U_{\alpha}\) contains some \(V_n\). It is clear that every metrizable topological group is \(\tau\)-fine. On the other hand, it was obtained that under \(\mathfrak{p}=2^{\omega}\), there exists a countable non-metrizable topological abelian group \(G\) which is \(\tau\)-fine for each \(\tau<2^{\omega}\) (see [\textit{A. Arhangel'skii} and \textit{M. Tkachenko}, Topological groups and related structures. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific; Paris: Atlantis Press (2008; Zbl 1323.22001), Lemma 4.5.20 and Example 4.5.22]). \par In Section 2, the authors study the relations between \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable and \(\tau\)-fine topological groups and prove the following. If \(\tau>\omega\) and \(G\) is an \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group, then \(G\) is either \(\tau\)-precompact or \(\tau\)-fine. Since every \(\omega\)-narrow \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group is \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable, it follows that if a topological group \(G\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, then \(G\) is either \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable or \(\omega_1\)-fine. Every \(\tau\)-fine topological group \(G\) satisfying \(l(G)\leq\tau>\omega\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, where \(l(G)\) means the Lindelöf number of \(G\). \par In Section 3, the authors study \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizability in products of topological groups. It is known that for topological groups \(G\) and \(H\), if \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, then \(G\) and \(H\) are \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable ([\textit{H. Zhang} et al., Topology Appl. 290, Article ID 107578, 18 p. (2021; Zbl 1461.22003), Lemma 4.4]). In this paper, they also prove that if the product \(G\times H\) of topological groups \(G\) and \(H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, then for every cardinal \(\tau>\omega\), either \(G\) is \(\tau\)-fine or \(H\) is pseudo-\(\tau\)-compact. They also characterize the \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizability of the product \(G\times H\) under additional assumptions on \(G\) and \(H\), as follows. If a topological group \(G\) is metrizable with \(w(G)=\tau>\omega\) and a topological group \(H\) is \(\omega\)-narrow, then \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable if and only if \(H\) is \(\tau\)-fine. If \(G\) is a feathered topological group and \(H\) is a precompact topological group, then \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable if and only if either both \(G\) and \(H\) are metrizable or \(G\) is a Lindelöf \(\Sigma\)-group. Furthermore, they prove that for each \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group \(G\) and each locally compact separable metrizable topological group \(H\), the product \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable.