M-factorizability of products and -fine topological groups

Structure of general topological groups (22A05) Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Consistency and independence results in general topology (54A35) Product spaces in general topology (54B10) Topological groups (topological aspects) (54H11)

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The main purpose of this paper is to study \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizability and \(\tau\)-fineness in topological groups, where \(\mathcal{M}\) is the class of metrizable topological groups. \par A Hausdorff topological group \(G\) is called \textit{\(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable} if for every continuous real-valued function \(f\) on \(G\), there exist a continuous homomorphism \(\pi:G\to M\) onto a topological group \(M\in\mathcal{M}\) and a continuous real-valued function \(g\) on \(M\) such that \(f=g\circ\pi\). Clearly, all metrizable topological groups are \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable and the class of \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable topological groups is a proper subclass of \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological groups. In fact, it was proved in [\textit{H. Zhang} et al., Topology Appl. 274, Article ID 107126, 13 p. (2020; Zbl 1440.22003)] that an \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group \(G\) is \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable if and only if \(G\) is \(\omega\)-narrow, and hence every uncountable discrete group is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, but not \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable. \par Let \(\tau>\omega\) be cardinal. A topological group \(G\) is \textit{\(\tau\)-fine} if for every family \(\{U_{\alpha}:\alpha\in\tau\}\) of open neighborhoods of the identity \(e\) in \(G\), there exists a countable family \(\{V_n:n\in\omega\}\) of neighborhoods of \(e\) in \(G\) such that each \(U_{\alpha}\) contains some \(V_n\). It is clear that every metrizable topological group is \(\tau\)-fine. On the other hand, it was obtained that under \(\mathfrak{p}=2^{\omega}\), there exists a countable non-metrizable topological abelian group \(G\) which is \(\tau\)-fine for each \(\tau<2^{\omega}\) (see [\textit{A. Arhangel'skii} and \textit{M. Tkachenko}, Topological groups and related structures. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific; Paris: Atlantis Press (2008; Zbl 1323.22001), Lemma 4.5.20 and Example 4.5.22]). \par In Section 2, the authors study the relations between \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable and \(\tau\)-fine topological groups and prove the following. If \(\tau>\omega\) and \(G\) is an \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group, then \(G\) is either \(\tau\)-precompact or \(\tau\)-fine. Since every \(\omega\)-narrow \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group is \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable, it follows that if a topological group \(G\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, then \(G\) is either \(\mathbb{R}\)-factorizable or \(\omega_1\)-fine. Every \(\tau\)-fine topological group \(G\) satisfying \(l(G)\leq\tau>\omega\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, where \(l(G)\) means the Lindelöf number of \(G\). \par In Section 3, the authors study \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizability in products of topological groups. It is known that for topological groups \(G\) and \(H\), if \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, then \(G\) and \(H\) are \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable ([\textit{H. Zhang} et al., Topology Appl. 290, Article ID 107578, 18 p. (2021; Zbl 1461.22003), Lemma 4.4]). In this paper, they also prove that if the product \(G\times H\) of topological groups \(G\) and \(H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable, then for every cardinal \(\tau>\omega\), either \(G\) is \(\tau\)-fine or \(H\) is pseudo-\(\tau\)-compact. They also characterize the \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizability of the product \(G\times H\) under additional assumptions on \(G\) and \(H\), as follows. If a topological group \(G\) is metrizable with \(w(G)=\tau>\omega\) and a topological group \(H\) is \(\omega\)-narrow, then \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable if and only if \(H\) is \(\tau\)-fine. If \(G\) is a feathered topological group and \(H\) is a precompact topological group, then \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable if and only if either both \(G\) and \(H\) are metrizable or \(G\) is a Lindelöf \(\Sigma\)-group. Furthermore, they prove that for each \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable topological group \(G\) and each locally compact separable metrizable topological group \(H\), the product \(G\times H\) is \(\mathcal{M}\)-factorizable.

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