Nontrivial periodic solutions for the asymptotically linear Hamiltonian systems with resonance at infinity (Q1265097): Difference between revisions

The author studies the existence of periodic solutions to the asymptotically linear Hamiltonian systems \[ {\mathbb-J\dot{z}}=H^{'}(t,z),\quad z \in {\mathbb{R}^{2N}}, \] where \(J\) is the standard symplectic matrix of \(2N \times 2N\) and \(H: \mathbb{R}^1 \times \mathbb{R}^{2N}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{1}\) is a \(C^{1}\)-function and is 1-periodic in \(t\) satisfying the conditions \[ |H'(t,z) - B_{\infty}(t)z|/|z|\rightarrow 0, \quad \text{as }|z|\rightarrow \infty, \quad \forall t\in[0,1], \tag{H\(_{1}\)} \] \[ |H'(t,z) - B_{0}(t)z|/|z|\rightarrow 0, \quad \text{as }|z|\rightarrow 0, \quad \forall t\in[0,1], \tag{H\(_{2}\)} \] where \({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty} (t), {\mathbb{B}}_{0}(t)\) are symmetric matrices in \({\mathbb{R} ^{2N}}\), continuous and 1-periodic in \(t\). Using Morse theory, Galerkin approximation method and Maslov-index theory, the authors consider the resonant case in which \({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty}(t)\) is finitely degenerate and time dependent. Denoting by \((i_{\infty},n_{\infty})\) and \((i_0,n_0)\) the Maslov-type indices of \({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty}(t)\) and \({\mathbb{B}}_0(t),n_\infty \neq 0\) means that problem (1) is resonant at infinity and \(n_0 \neq 0\) means that the origin \(z=0\) is a degenerate solution or problem (1) is resonant at the origin. Problem (1) was first studied considering constant matrices \({\mathbb{B}}_0\) and \({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty}\) such that \({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty}\) was nondegenerate and \(i_\infty \notin [i_0,i_0+n_0]\) and later the case \({\mathbb{B}}_0(t), {\mathbb{B}}_{\infty}(t)\) nondegenerate and \(i_0 \neq i_{\infty}\). Other authors followed the study for the case where \({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty}\) is nondegenerate. All they required that \( H\) be \(C^{2}\). \textit{Sh. Li} and \textit{J. Q. Liu} [J. Differ. Equations 78, No. 1, 53-73 (1989; Zbl 0672.34037)] studied the case where \({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty}\) is nondegenerate and \({\mathbb{B}}_0\) and \(\mathbb{B}_\infty\) are constant matrices but \(H\) need not be \(C^{2}\). They also consider the degenerate trivial solution of local linking type where \(i_\infty \neq i_0\) or \(i_\infty\neq i_0 + n_0\). \textit{G. Fei} [J. Differ. Equations 121, No. 1, 121-133 (1995; Zbl 0831.34046)] introduced the concept of finitely degenerate and proved the case (i) of Theorem 1.2, where \(H\) was required to be \(C^{2}\) and to satisfy \((H_{2})\) and \[ (H_{3}') \quad H(t,z) = \tfrac{1}{2} ({\mathbb{B}}_{\infty} (t) z,z) + g_{\infty}(t,z), (g_{\infty}'(t,z),z) \geq c_{1} |z|^{s+1} -a, \;|g'_{\infty} (t,z) |\leq c_{2}|z|^{s} + b, \] with \(a,b \in {\mathbb{R}}^{1}\), \(c_1,c_2>0\), \(0<s<1\). The author relaxes condition \((H'_{3})\) considering \(a = 0 = b\) and the estimation valid for \(t\in[0,1]\) a.e. and \(|z|\) large . For example, he proves that this relaxed condition and \(B_{0}(t), B_{\infty}(t)\) finitely degenerate imply the existence of one nontrivial 1-periodic solution to (1) if either \(n_{0}=0\) and \(i_\infty + n_{\infty}\neq i_{\infty},\) or, if \(n_{\infty}\neq 0\), \(n_{0} \neq 0\) and \(i_{\infty} + n_{\infty} \notin [i_{0},i_{0}+n_{0}]\). Several criteria of this type are presented.