The motivic fundamental group of \(\mathbf P^1\setminus\{0,1,\infty\}\) and the theorem of Siegel (Q2574957): Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 12:37, 11 June 2024

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The motivic fundamental group of \(\mathbf P^1\setminus\{0,1,\infty\}\) and the theorem of Siegel
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    The motivic fundamental group of \(\mathbf P^1\setminus\{0,1,\infty\}\) and the theorem of Siegel (English)
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    5 December 2005
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    The aim of the paper is to show how results in Diophantine geometry can be achieved by studying the arithmetic fundamental group of an algebraic variety \(X\) over a number field \(F\). Here the author takes \(F =\mathbb Q\) and \(X =\mathbb P^1_{\mathbb Q}-\{0,1,\infty\}\) and considers the unipotent motivic fundamental group in the sense of \textit{P. Deligne} [in: Galois groups over \(\mathbb Q\), Publ. Math. Sci. Res. Inst. 16, 79--297 (1989; Zbl 0742.14022)]. Then he proves Siegel's theorem on the finiteness of integral points for the thrice-punctured projective line. The following is an outline of his proof. Let \(S\) be a finite set of primes, fix \(p\not\in S\) and an integral point \(x\in{\mathcal X} = \mathbb P^1_{\mathbb Z}-\{0,1,\infty\}\). Put \(T = S\cup \{p\}\) and let \(Y\) be the reduction of \(\mathcal X\bmod p\), \(y\in Y\) the reduction mod\,\(p\) of the point \(x\). The \(p\)-adic unipotent Albanese map is then the following map: \[ U\text{\,Alb}_x:X(\mathbb Q_p)\cap \overline Y\to \pi_{1, \text{DR}}(X,x)(\mathbb Q_p) \] where \(\overline Y\) are the points that reduce mod\(\,p\) to points in \(Y\). The image of the integral points \({\mathcal X}(\mathbb Z_S)\) under the Albanese map is essentially contained inside the image of another map \[ H^1_f (\Gamma_T,\pi_{1,\text{ét}} (X,x))\to \pi_{1, \text{DR}}(X\otimes \mathbb Q_p,x) \] from a suitable continuous global cohomology set to the De Rham fundamental group. \(H^1_f(\Gamma_T,\pi_{1,\text{ét}}(X,x))\) has the natural structure of a proalgebraic variety. By looking at various quotients \([\pi_{1,\text{DR}}]_n\) and \([\pi_{1,\text{ét}}]_n\) the author shows that for large \(n\) and \(p\) the image of \(H^1_f(\Gamma_T, [\pi_{1,\text{ét}}(X,x)]_n)\) under the map to \([\pi_{1,\text{DR}}(X\otimes \mathbb Q_p,x)]_n\) lies in some proper subvariety. Thus fact, together with the identity principle for Colemann's functions and compactness yields the finiteness of Siegel's theorem. The results of this paper -- as noted by the author -- may be viewed as a non abelian lift of \textit{C. Chabauty}'s proof [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 212, 882--885 (1941; Zbl 0025.24902)].
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