Application of Jacobi's representation theorem to locally multiplicatively convex topological \(\mathbb R\)-algebras (Q2444427)

Let \(A\) be a commutative unital \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra and \(S\) an \(\sum A^{2d}\)-module of \(A\) for some integer \(d \geq 1\). Denote by \(\mathcal{X}(A)\) the set of all unitary \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra homomorphisms from \(A\) to \(\mathbb{R}\), endowed with the relative product topology from \(\mathbb{R}^A\). Consider the non-negative set of \(S\): \[ \mathcal{K}_S= \{\alpha \in \mathcal{X}(A) : \hat{a}(a) \geq 0\text{ for all } a \in S\} \] with \(\hat{a} : \mathcal{X}(A) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), \(\hat{a}(\alpha)=\alpha(a)\), continuous. In this context, and when \(S\) is moreover Archimedean, \textit{T. Jacobi} [Math. Z. 237, No. 2, 259--273 (2001; Zbl 0988.54039)] proved that, for each \(a \in A\), \(\hat{a}>0\) on \(\mathcal{K}_S \Rightarrow a \in S\). In this paper, the authors, employing a commutative unital seminormed \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra \((A, p)\) and applying Jacobi's result, determine the closure \(\bar{S}^p\) (with respect to \(p\)). More precisely, they prove that this closure consists of all \(a \in A\) with \(\alpha(a)\geq 0\) for every \(p\)-continuous \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra homomorphism \(\alpha : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) with \(\alpha(S) \subseteq [0, \infty)\). This result also holds for real locally \(m\)-convex algebras. Based on this, the authors represent a continuous linear functional \(L: A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), where \(A\) is a seminormed real algebra, with \(L(s)\geq 0\) on \(S\), as integration with respect to a unique Radon measure \(\mu\) on \(\mathcal{X}(A)\). They also give the relation between the support of \(\mu\) and \(\mathcal{K}_S\), and the Gelfand spectrum of \(A\) (viz., the set of all \(p\)-continuous \(\mathbb{R}\)-algebra homomorphisms from \(A\) to \(\mathbb{R}\)). The latter result is also treated in the case of \(^*\)-algebras with a submultiplicative \(^*\)-seminorm.