Distribution of full cylinders and the Diophantine properties of the orbits in \(\beta\)-expansions (Q407405)

It is known that every real number \(x\in[0,1]\) can be uniquely expressed by a finite or infinite series of the form \[ x= \sum^\infty_{n= 1} {\varepsilon_n(x,\beta)\over \beta^n}, \] where \(\varepsilon_n(x, \beta)= \lfloor\beta T^{n-1}_\beta x\rfloor\), and \(n\geq 1\) is the \(n\)th digit of \(x\). Here \(T_\beta: [0,1]\to[0, 1]\) defined by \(T_\beta(x)= \beta x- [\beta x]\) is the \(\beta\)-transformation, for any real number \(\beta> 1\). The digit sequence of a real number \(x\in[0,1]\), \[ \varepsilon(x, \beta)= (\varepsilon_1(x, \beta),\dots, \varepsilon_n(x, \beta),\dots)\text{ or }(\varepsilon_1,\dots, \varepsilon_n,\dots) \] is called the \(\beta\)-expansion of \(x\), while \[ I_n(\varepsilon_1,\dots, \varepsilon_n)= \{x\in [0,1]/\varepsilon_i(x, \beta)= \varepsilon_i,\;i= 1,2,\dots, n\}, \] that is, a set of real numbers in \([0,1]\) having the same \(n\) digits in their \(\beta\)-expansion, is called a cylinder of order \(n\). A cylinder of order \(n\) is called full if \[ |I_n(\varepsilon_1,\dots, \varepsilon_n)|= \beta^{-n}, \] that is, it has maximal length equal to \(\beta^{-n}\). The aim of the present paper is to give a complete characterization of full cylinders and to investigate their distribution in the unit interval \([0,1]\). The authors prove that the full cylinders of order \(n\) are well distributed in \([0,1]\) in a suitable sense, since they find out that among \((n+1)\) consecutive cylinders of order \(n\), for any \(n\geq 1\), there exists at least one full cylinder. Furthermore as an application of the metrical theory of \(\beta\)-expansions the authors study the Hausdorff dimension of the set \[ \{x\in [0,1]/|T^n_\beta x- z_n|< e^{-S_n f(x)}\text{ for infinitely many }n\in\mathbb{N}\} \] defined in terms of \(\beta\)-expansions, where \(\{z^n\}_{n\geq 1}\) is a sequence of real numbers in the unit interval \([0,1]\), \(f: [0,1]\to\mathbb{R}^+\) is a continuous function on \([0,1]\) and \(S_n f(x)\) is the ergodic sum \(f(x)+\cdots+ f(T^{n-1}_\beta x)\).