Irregular sets, the \(\beta\)-transformation and the almost specification property (Q2841406)

In this article the authors analyzes the irregular part of the entropy spectrum of ergodic averages and proves that it has full topological entropy. The result is obtained under the hypothesis of almost specification property which is weaker than the almost property product introduced by Pfister and Sullivan, which is in turn weaker that specification. In a previous article, the author obtained a similar result but for dynamical systems with specification, so that this work may be seen as a generalization of that result. Examples of systems which satisfy specification but not almost property product are the \(\beta\)-shifts NEWLINE\[NEWLINE f (x) = (\beta x){\mod\, 1}, \quad x \in (0; 1].NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Let \((X, f )\) be a dynamical system with \(X\) a compact metric space and \(f\) a continuous map. If \(\varphi : X \to \mathbf R\) is a continuous function then the multifractal decomposition of ergodic averages is given by NEWLINE\[NEWLINEK_{\alpha, \varphi}= \biggl\{x : \underset{n \to \infty} \lim \frac1n \sum^{n-1}_{i= 0} \varphi (f^i (x)) = \alpha\biggr\}, NEWLINE\]NEWLINE the ``irregular'' part of the spectrum is the set NEWLINE\[NEWLINE X_\varphi = \biggl\{x : \underset {n \to \infty} \lim \frac1n \sum^{n-1}_{i= 0} \varphi (f^i (x)) \,\, \mathrm{does not exist}\biggr\}.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Notice that \(X =\underset{\alpha \in \mathbf R} \bigcup K_{\alpha, \varphi} \cup X_\varphi\).NEWLINENEWLINEThis set is also called the ``historic set'', this terminology is due to Ruelle, since the history of the points in which the Birkhoff ergodic average limit does not exist captures the history of the system.NEWLINENEWLINE The main results of the article are:NEWLINENEWLINE -- For dynamical systems with almost property product, the set \(X_\varphi\) is either empty or has the same topological entropy of the whole space \(X\).NEWLINENEWLINE -- For \(\beta\)-shifts the irregular part of the spectrum of ergodic averages \({X}_\varphi\) is either empty or has topological entropy equal to log \(\beta\).