Vanishing residue characterization of the sine-Gordon hierarchy (Q1880448)

Since the sine-Gordon (or equivalently, hyperbolic-Gordon) hierarchy is an extension of the modified Korteweg-de Vries (MKdV) hierarchy in the integro-differential algebra extending the standard differential algebra by means of one antiderivative, the characterization by vanishing residues of the MKdV hierarchy [the author, in: S.-Y. A. Chang (ed.) et al., Lectures on partial differential equations. Proceedings of the conference, Hsinchu, Taiwan, September 2000 in honor of Louis Nirenberg's 75th birthday. Sommerville, MA: International Press. New Stud. Adv. Math. 2, 193--215 (2003; Zbl 1167.35487)] yields the same characterization of the sine-Gordon (or equivalently, hyperbolic-Gordon) hierarchy in the integro-differential algebra. This example suggests, together with other examples including the KdV hierarchy [the author, Duke Math. J. 108, 251--294 (2001; Zbl 1028.37040)] and the nonlinear Schrödinger hierarchy [the author, Sel. Math., New Ser. 9, 601--656 (2003; Zbl 1059.37058)], that vanishing residue theorems might be common for soliton equations. A natural interesting question now is what algebraic characterizations can exist for the discrete soliton hierarchies such as the Toda lattice hierarchy and Volterra lattice hierarchy.