Large-time blowup for a perturbation of the cubic Szegő equation (Q2509692)

The paper addresses the so-called Szegő equation, which is written as \[ i\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}=\Pi(|u|^2u) +\alpha u_0, \] where \(u(t,\theta)\) is a function of time and a cyclic coordinate \(\theta\) (\(0 < \theta < 2\pi\)). \(\Pi\) stands for the so-called Szegő projection, which is defined through the Fourier decomposition of \(u(\theta)\), that is, \[ u(\theta) = \sum_{k=-\infty}^{+\infty} \hat{u}(k) e^{ik\theta} \] as \[ \Pi(u) \equiv \sum_{k \geq 0} \hat{u}(k) e^{ik\theta}, \] where \(\alpha\) is a real constant and \(u_0\) stands for the average value of \(u(\theta)\). This equation is a ``toy model'' of nonlinear dispersion equations. It was demonstrated before that this equation with \(\alpha = 0\) is integrable and, accordingly, that it admits a representation in the form of a Lax pair. This paper demonstrates that the equation with \(\alpha\neq 0\) also admits a Lax-pair representation, in terms of Hankel operators. The main issue here is the stability of solutions. It is demonstrated that the family of solutions is stable for \(\alpha < 0\) and that it includes solutions with an exponentially growing Sobolev norm for \(\alpha > 0\).