Universal polynomials for tautological integrals on Hilbert schemes (Q511612)

In this paper, the author studies integrals over Hilbert schemes of points involving tautological bundles and certain ``geometric'' subsets of these Hilbert schemes. For a smooth projective complex variety \(X\) of dimension \(d\), the Hilbert scheme \(X^{[n]}\) parametrizes length-\(n\) \(0\)-dimensional closed subschemes of \(X\). A vector bundle on \(X\) induces a tautological bundle \(E^{[n]}\) on \(X^{[n]}\). Roughly speaking, a geometric subset of \(X^{[n]}\) is a constructible subset \(P\) such that if \(Z, Z' \in X^{[n]}\) satisfying \(Z \cong Z'\) as \(\mathbb C\)-schemes, then either \(Z, Z' \in P\) or \(Z, Z' \not \in P\). The main theorem of the paper states that the integral over \(X^{[n]}\) involving the Chern classes of \(E^{[n]}\) and the fundamental class (respectively, the Chern-Mather class, the Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson class) of a geometric subset \(P\) can be written as a universal polynomial, depending on the type of \(P\), in the Chern numbers involving \(E\) and the tangent bundle \(T_X\) of \(X\). When \(X^{[n]}\) is smooth, the integral is also allowed to contain the Chern classes of \(T_{X^{[n]}}\). The main idea in proving this theorem is to use Jun Li's concept of Hilbert scheme \(X^{[[\alpha]]}\) of \(\alpha\)-points [\textit{J. Li}, Geom. Topol. 10, 2117--2171 (2006; Zbl 1140.14012)]. The main theorem generalizes many known results when \(X\) is a surface. As an application, the author obtains a generalized Göttsche's conjecture for all isolated singularity types and in all dimensions. More precisely, if \(L\) is a sufficiently ample line bundle on a smooth projective variety \(X\), then in a general subsystem \(\mathbb P^m \subset |L|\) of appropriate dimension \(m\), the number of hypersurfaces with given isolated singularity types is a polynomial in the Chern numbers involving \(T_X\) and \(L\). Another application is to obtain similar results, when \(X\) is a surface, for the locus of curves with fixed ``BPS spectrum'' in the sense of stable pairs theory. Section~2 is devoted to the preliminaries such as the definition of the tautological bundle \(E^{[n]}\) on the Hilbert scheme \(X^{[n]}\), the construction of the Chern-Mather and Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson classes, the Hilbert scheme \(X^{[[\alpha]]}\) of \(\alpha\)-points, and the definition of geometric subsets in \(X^{[n]}\) and \(X^{[[\alpha]]}\). Section~3 contains an outline of the proof of the main theorem, while the formal proof of the main theorem is presented in Section~4. In Section~5, the author verifies a technical lemma which is used in Section~4. Section~6 deals with the generating series of the above-mentioned integrals over all the Hilbert schemes \(X^{[n]}\), \(n \geq 0\). In Section~7, The precise definition of sufficiently ample is given, and the main theorem is applied to the problem of counting geometric objects with prescribed singularities.